DAT Biology

lipid derivatives, produce pigments in plants and animals , An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

lipid derivatives, a group of light-sensitive, pigmented, ringed chemical structures that are required for the synthesis of hemoglobin. Complexed with metals usch as iron in hemoglobin and chlorophyll with Mg

yes (small, uncharged, non-polar, hydrophobic can pass)

allow passage of certain ions and small polar molecules such as aquaporins in kidneys for H20

protein synthesis, creates glycoproteins for secretion

synthesis of hormones, lipids, breakdown of toxins and drugs in liver

transport of material in cytoplasm (steaming movement)

breakdown of H2O2, fatty acids, AA. In liver and kidneys to break down toxins, by-products of photorespiration in plants

two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope; play a role in cell division. Are microtubles (MTOCs)

store starch, pigments, toxic substances (nicotine) in plants

in single cell organism, pump excess water out of cell Ex. fresh water protozoa to prevent bursting

aka spot welding, support and stability

animal cells, seal to prevent passage of materials btwn cell

narrow tunnels btwn animal cells, only ions exchange

barrow channels between plant cells for exchange of materials

collective movement of substance (like blood or urine) in same direction due to force

diffusion of solutes across selective permeable membrane (passive)

water of out cell, results in collapse aka shrivel (passive)

Eukaryotic = 36 ATP Prokaryotic = 38 ATP

1 glucose + 2 ATP + 4 ADP + 2NAD + 2Pi --> 2 pyruvate + 2ADP + 4 ATP + 2NADH +2H + 2H2O = 2 ATP

1 pyruvate + NADH --> (Ethanol + CO2 in Plants) and (Lactic Acid in animals use for muscle cells) + NAD

2 pyruvate + 2 Coenzyme A + 2 NAD --> 2 Acetyl CoA + 2CO2 + 2NADH = - 2 ATP

2 Acetyl CoA + 6NAD + 2FAD + 2ADP + 2H20 --> 4 CO2 + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 ATP = 2 ATP

10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 34 ADP + 34pi + 10 H + 5O2 ---> 10 NAD + 2 FAD + 34 ATP + 10H20 = 34 ATP

1 NADH = 3 ATP 1 FADH = 2 ATP

Between Inner and Outer membrane/ cross crista (btw inner and outer membrane vs matrix)

liver converts lactic acid lack into glucose when ATP is available

Photosystem 2 P680 Generates = NADPH, ATP, photolysis of H2O (to get 2 electrons)

Photosystem 1 P700 Generates ATP only

fixes Co2 (6 cycles) 1. carboxylation 2. reduction 3. regeneration and carbohydrate synthesis

stroma of the chlorplasts

chlorophyll of the thylakoid of the chlorplasts

inside thylakoids

uncoiled DNA in Interphase

chromatin condense into chromosomes in Prophase of Mitosis

One gene affects the phenotypic expression for a second gene Ex. Chad's bald head affects the expression of this red hair

Single gene has more than one phenotypic expression Ex. sick cell anemia

many genes afffect single trait Ex. Height, diff heights around the world for single trait

on same chromosome, segerates dependently

one of the 2 X chromosomes does not uncoil = create barr body Ex. Calico Cats

extra or missing chromosomes, usually because of nondisjunction of sex or somatic cells

Mutations in somatic cells can lead to tumor while mutation in sex cells can transmit to offspring

1. Helicase 2. Single Stranded binding proteins 3. Primase lays RNA primers 4. DNA Pol III 5. DNA ligase (seals backbone of Okazaki fragments) 6. DNA Pol I (replace RNA primers with DNA) 7. Telomere

codes for different Amino Acid

codes for stop codon

loosely bound, active transcription, 92% of human genome, in boht Euk and Prok cells

tightly bound, not active

- When repressor binds to operator = prevent RNA pol (no transcription) - When repressor binds to inducer(or a cofactor) = RNA pol attach to begin transcrption

1. regulatory genes = codes for repressors or activators for operon 2. Promotor = RNA pol attach to begin transcription 3. Operator = Can block RNA pol if bound of repressor 4. Structural Gene = codes for genetic product

1. lac genes allow for the catabolism of lactose 2. Transcription is prevented when the repressor binds to the operator 3. Transcription occurs when the regressor binds to the lactose

1. RNA Pol binds to promoter via transcription factor and unzips DNA 2. RNA Pol forms complementary RNA 3. Transcription terminated at special sequence

Prok = -35 sequence and Pribnow box Euk = TATA box

- Template strand is the one being transcribed It is also known as the non-coding or anti-sense

- The complementary RNA (1 strand of mRNA 5' -> 3') is the one being formed from the template strand It is also known as coding strand or sense

Eukaryotic 1 RNA -> 1 Protein

Prokaryotic 1 RNA --> Many Proteins

Prok = Only 1 = RNA Pol Eurk = 3 RNA Pol 1 = rRNA RNA Pol 2 = mRNA RNA Poll 3 = tRNA (READ MY TEETH)

Only in Eukaryotic 1. 5'Cap and poly A tail ensures mRNA stability in protein synthesis 2. Splicing out introns and connecting exons makes mRNA small and easier to transport

1. Allopatric = geographic isolation via barrier 2. Sympatric = no geographicn isolation 3. Adaptive Radiation = many species from single ancestor 4. Ecological Speciation = adaption because of location and activity 5. Morphological Speciation = seperation becuz of physical measures

Prezygotic = prevent fertilization Postzygotic = prevent formation of fertile progeny

Two rated species make similar adaptation under similar circumstances after diverging from a common ancestor (think of a fork)

Two or more species evolve together (responding to each other's new evolutionary features)

evolution occurs gradually through accumulation of small changes over long period of time

long periods of nothing happening and little change puncutated with short, rapid evolution

-Domain -Prokaryotes -Cell walls and plasma membrane distinct from prok and euk. made of polysaccarides -DNA associated with histones - ribosomes not inhibited by antibiotics Ex. methanogens (produce methane) and Extremophiles (halophiles, thermophiles)

- peptodoglycan cell wall

single DS circular DNA, not associated with histones

Kingdom Monera - prokaryotes - single celled

are photosynthetic bacteria Can withstand high temp believed to descend from first organisms with a developed photosynethic capability

Are cyanobacteria

fixes N2 to NO3 Ex. roots of legumes and lighting

clusters of circular bacteria

chain of circular bacteria

Kingdom Protisa, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Plant and Animal characteristics - Algae like (energy via photosynthesis) (multicellular) - Protozoa (Animal like) (single cell) - Fungus like (multicellular)

Protista - algae like (photosynthetic) - flagella made of microtubles for location via powerstroke

Protista - algae like (photsnthetic) - di (2) flagella - some bioluminescent while others produce toxin

Protista - algae like

Protista - have silica shells that fit together like a box with lid

Protista - kelps

Protista - read algae

Protista - green algae

Belong to Protista - animal like - unicellular -heterotropic like little animals

Protoza - Amoebas - move by extending pseudopods

Protoza - made of calcium carbonate

Protoza - parasites of animals

Protoza - move and feed with cilia made by microtubulin - have vacuole for excretion

no organized nervous system. move via stimuli such as head, light, chemical, etc.

phagocytosis via vaculoes which fuse with lysosomes Or cilia sweep food in

Fungus like protista - plamodial slime molds

fungus like protista - coenocytic (many nuclei)

fungus like protista - water molds, mildrew, whit rusts -form filaments but not septa - coenocytic (many nuclei)

chitin

1. saprophytic (bread mold) 2. parasitc (athelet's foot)

haploid, filaments in fungi

mass of hyphae

some lack septa so they are mutli nucleated such as oomycota and slim molds belonging to the fungus like protista

crosswalls, multicellular form like mushrooms in fungus

ends of tissues for nutrients absorption in fungus

fusion of cells from two different fungal strain to produce single cell with 2 nuclei (2 cells become 1 cell with 2 nuclei)

fusion of 2 haploid nuceli to form single diploid nucleus (1N +1N = 2N)

aka zygote, no septa, reproduce sexually, bread mold, Fungi

mutual relationship with roots of plants

fungus, have septa, Yeakts and truffles aka sacs

not a fungus, cellular slime molds belonging to fungus like protista that has coenocytic (many nuclei)

fungus with septa (multicellular) Ex. Mushrooms aka club fungi

imperfect fungi, artifical group Ex. Penicillium

mutual relationship btwn fungi and algae

N2 to NO3 (light, legumes)

N2 to NH4 to NO3 (chemosynthesis)

NH3 to N2

Right side is deoxygenated/Left side is oxygenated

R = artial depolarization QRS = ventricular contraction T = repolarization

thick walls muscular elastic vessels

thin walls smallest diameter

think walls blood flow in vein depends on muscles during movement (veins have valves to prevent flow back of blood in legs) inelastic vessels

contraction of venticles

immunoglobulins, albumin, fibrinogen

compact (haversian system) and spongy bone (filled with yellow and red bone marrow)

ostesclasts destory bones

cartilage replaced by bone

embryonic, undifferentiated connective tissue replaced by bone

skull, vertebral, column, rib cage

bones of appendages, pectoral and pelvic

muscle to stationary bone

muscle to bone that moves

muscle to bone

moveable joints (bone to bone)