As defined in the text, the mediator between people's essential selfishness and generosity is referred to as:
1)
law.
2)
ethics.
3)
justice
4)
mercy.
answer
justice
question
Which type of justice is concerned with the allocation of society's resources?
1)
distributive justice
2)
commutative justice
3)
exemplary justice
4)
corrective justice
answer
distributive justice
question
Which theory of distributive justice would be most opposed to government involvement in the distribution of goods?
1)
libertarian
2)
utilitarian
3)
egalitarian
4)
Marxist
answer
libertarian
question
______________ theories of distributive justice attempt to maximize benefits for overall society:
1)
Libertarian
2)
Utilitarian
3)
Egalitarian
4)
Marxist
answer
Utilitarian
question
Rawls's concept of the "veil of ignorance" states that:
1)
welfare should be given to the least advantaged or ignorant in our society.
2)
one must be unaware of his or her own position in society in order to make just decisions.
3)
ignorance always results in unfairness.
4)
because we are ignorant of God's plan, equal distribution of goods is the most just.
answer
one must be unaware of his or her own position in society in order to make just decisions.
question
While ____________ justice involves the concept of "just deserts," ____________ justice concerns the steps we must take before determining guilt and administering punishment.
1)
procedural; substantive
2)
substantive; distributive
3)
substantive; procedural
4)
procedural; distributive
answer
substantive; procedural
question
Bentham theorized that people rationally choose their behaviors by weighing the pleasure or benefit of their actions against the potential pain or cost. This process is known as:
1)
the veil of ignorance.
2)
the avoidance principle.
3)
ethical formalism.
4)
hedonistic calculus.
answer
hedonistic calculus.
question
The concept that calls for retaliatory punishments such as "an eye for an eye" is known as:
1)
lex talionis.
2)
lex salica
3)
lex rasa.
4)
lex mala.
answer
lex talionis.
question
Retributive justice is best described by what term?
1)
balance
2)
deterrence
3)
compensation
4)
rehabilitation
answer
balance
question
According to Beccaria's and Bentham's utilitarian rationale, punishment should be based on:
1)
the character of the victim
2)
the concept of mercy
3)
the seriousness of the crime
4)
the social status of the perpetrator
answer
the seriousness of the crime
question
Deterrence is the central theme of what theory of corrective justice?
1)
utilitarian
2)
retributive
3)
substantive
4)
compensatory
answer
utilitarian
question
Which type of justice is most closely associated with discussions of criminal law?
1)
commutative
2)
corrective
3)
utilitarianism
4)
distributive
answer
corrective
question
The idea that government should maintain order but the community should establish peace is a characteristic of which concept?
1)
utilitarianism
2)
restorative justice
3)
egalitarian philosophy
4)
Marxist philosophy
answer
restorative justice
question
________ is an approach to corrective justice that focuses on meeting the needs of offenders as well as victims.
1)
Distributive justice
2)
Restorative justice
3)
Civil justice
4)
Utilitarian justice
answer
Restorative justice
question
According to the chapter, which of the following is not a valid component of civil disobedience?
1)
Any action must be approved by the majority of the community.
2)
A major moral issue must be at stake.
3)
It must be non-violent.
4)
No other legitimate means of correcting the issue should be available.
answer
Any action must be approved by the majority of the community.
question
Boss described unjust laws as having several characteristics. Which of the following is not one of these characteristics?
1)
They are degrading to humans.
2)
They are discriminatory against certain groups.
3)
They are universal
4)
They are unjustly applied.
answer
They are universal
question
Which part of the brain is associated with feelings of empathy, shame, and moral reasoning?
1)
frontal lobes
2)
inferior parietal lobe
3)
left hemisphere
4)
right hemisphere
answer
frontal lobes
question
Which of the following is not a characteristic of frontal lobe damage?
1)
difficulty in logical reasoning
2)
impulsivity
3)
tendency toward apathy
4)
loss of motor function
answer
loss of motor function
question
Studies regarding biological sex differences in brain activity found evidence of sex differences in all except:
1)
antisocial tendencies.
2)
delinquency.
3)
conduct disorders.
4)
intelligence.
answer
intelligence
question
According to learning theorists:
1)
behavior arises from moral beliefs.
2)
moral behavior arises through reason.
3)
moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement.
4)
negative reinforcement is the most effective way to teach moral belief.
answer
moral beliefs arise from a habit of moral behavior that is the product of reinforcement.
question
Cognitive dissonance, modeling, and reinforcement are all elements of:
1)
learning theory.
2)
Kohlberg's moral stages theory.
3)
ethical fading.
4)
moral disengagement theory.
answer
learning theory.
question
Self-efficacy, an individual's feelings of competence, is developed by:
1)
earning praise from a supervisor.
2)
comparing one's self to others.
3)
participating in training.
4)
participating in therapy
answer
comparing one's self to others.
question
In order to facilitate modeling, identification, and persuasive authority, ethical leaders should:
1)
continually provide in-service trainings.
2)
foster personal relationships with their subordinates.
3)
pursue an advanced degree as a way to exhibit expertise.
4)
seek advice from other leaders in similar positions.
answer
foster personal relationships with their subordinates.
question
A survey of police chiefs found that they recommend that ethics training should focus on ______________ rather than rules.
1)
shared values and problem solving
2)
legal requirements for each position
3)
reviewing and updating the organization's Code of Ethics
4)
defining basic terms for new recruits
answer
shared values and problem solving
question
According to Bandura, self-regulation can be "turned off," leading to inhumane acts, through cognitive restructuring via several different mechanisms. Which of the following is not one of these mechanisms?
1)
dehumanization
2)
displacement of responsibility
3)
advantageous labeling
4)
disregard of the consequences
answer
advantageous labeling
question
According to the text, which of the following is not a factor affecting the ethical climate of an organization?
1)
leadership
2)
state and local laws
3)
reward structure
4)
organizational messages
answer
state and local laws
question
Wolfe and Piquero found that officers who perceived that organizational procedures were fair were less likely to:
1)
resign prior to retirement.
2)
call in sick.
3)
file discrimination lawsuits.
4)
engage in misconduct.
answer
engage in misconduct.
question
According to the "corruption continuum," organizations can become corrupt through all of the following except:
1)
administrative indifference toward integrity.
2)
ignoring obvious ethical problems.
3)
hypocrisy and fear-dominated culture.
4)
charismatic leadership.
answer
charismatic leadership.
question
By telling the recruits that they will be "eliminating" victims (as opposed to "killing," "blowing up," "gunning down,"
etc.), the leader is using which method of cognitive restructuring?
1)
euphemistic labeling
2)
cognitive dissonance
3)
advantageous comparison
4)
displacement of responsibility
answer
euphemistic labeling
question
Describe how organizations can become corrupt, according to Trautman's "Corruption Continuum.
answer
Organizations can become corrupt through the actions of its leaders. Specifically, administrative indifference toward integrity, ignoring obvious ethical problems, and creating a hypocrisy and fear dominated culture which leads to a survival of the fittest approach by employees.
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