What ratio for compressions to breaths should be used for 1-rescuer infant CPR?
answer
Give 30 compressions to 2 breaths
question
What should you do if you need to use an AED on someone who has been submerged in water?
answer
Pull the person out of the water, and wipe the chest. Special situations may require the rescuer to take additional actions when placing AED
pads for a victim who is immersed in water. In this case, the victim should be pulled out of the water. If the chest
is covered with some water, it should be quickly wiped before attaching the AED pads.
question
A 9-year-old child has suddenly collapsed. After confirming that the scene is safe, a single rescuer
determines that the child is in cardiac arrest, shouts for nearby help, and activates the emergency response
system by using his mobile device. He immediately begins performing high-quality CPR. Two additional
rescuers immediately arrive to assist in the resuscitation attempt.
What actions should occur next to support a team-based resuscitation attempt?
answer
Two rescuers should alternate giving high-quality chest compressions. To reduce rescuer fatigue, switch compressors every 5 cycles (about 2 minutes)
or sooner if needed. Take less than 5 seconds to switch.
question
A 9-year-old child has suddenly collapsed. After confirming that the scene is safe, a single rescuer
determines that the child is in cardiac arrest, shouts for nearby help, and activates the emergency response
system by using his mobile device. He immediately begins performing high-quality CPR. Two additional
rescuers immediately arrive to assist in the resuscitation attempt. Two rescuers begin high-quality CPR while the third rescuer leaves to get the AED. What action
supports 2-rescuer CPR?
answer
Alternating the compressor role every 2 minutes. To reduce rescuer fatigue, switch compressors every 5 cycles (about 2 minutes)
or sooner if needed. To minimize interruptions in compressions, when an AED is present, perform the switch
when the AED is analyzing the rhythm. Take less than 5 seconds to switch.
question
You witness someone suddenly collapse. The person is unresponsive, you hear gasping sounds, and there is
no pulse. You phone 9-1-1. What should you do next?
answer
Begin CPR; the gasps are not normal breathing. The gasps described in this question are most likely agonal gasps. Agonal gasps are
not considered normal breathing and are a sign of cardiac arrest. High-quality CPR should be started
immediately.
question
Why is defibrillation important?
answer
It can restore a regular cardiac rhythm. An AED can identify an abnormal heart rhythm that needs a shock. The AED can then
deliver a shock that can convert a rhythm back to normal.
question
A 53-year-old woman collapses while gardening. She is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a
pulse. A neighbor, who is an emergency medical technician, rushes to her with an AED.
When the AED arrives, what is the first step for using it?
answer
Turn on the AED. The first step for using an AED (when it becomes available) is to power on the
AED if needed. Some devices will power on automatically when you open the lid or case. Because AEDs
vary according to the model and manufacturer, it is important to become familiar with the AED used in your
particular setting.
question
A 53-year-old woman collapses while gardening. She is unresponsive, is not breathing, and does not have a
pulse. A neighbor, who is an emergency medical technician, rushes to her with an AED.
After the AED pads are attached to the person, the AED detects ventricular fibrillation. What is the next
step when using an AED?
answer
Follow the AED prompts
question
"The team functions smoothly when all team members know their positions, functions, and tasks during a
resuscitation attempt." Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed.
answer
Clear roles and responsibilities. During a resuscitation attempt, clear roles and responsibilities should be defined as
soon as possible. The Team Leader's role is to clearly define and delegate tasks according to each team
member's skill level. When all team members know their jobs and responsibilities, the team functions more
smoothly.
question
"Members of the team know their boundaries and ask for help before the resuscitation attempt worsens."
Match this statement with the most appropriate element of team dynamics listed.
answer
Knowing your limitations. Every member on the team should know their limitations, and the Team Leader should
be aware of them. Each team member should ask for assistance and advice early, not when the situation starts to
get worse.
question
A victim with a foreign-body airway obstruction becomes unresponsive. What is your first course of action?
answer
Start CPR, beginning with chest compressions. Choking victims with severe airway obstruction may worsen and become
unresponsive.
question
While performing high-quality CPR on an adult, what action should you ensure is being accomplished?
answer
Compressing to a depth of at least 2 inches
question
A middle-aged man collapses. You and a second rescuer go to the victim and find that he is unresponsive,
is not breathing, and does not have a pulse.
Which action is most likely to positively impact his survival?
answer
Performing high-quality CPR has been shown to improve a victim's chances of
survival.
question
A middle-aged man collapses. You and a second rescuer go to the victim and find that he is unresponsive,
is not breathing, and does not have a pulse. You and another rescuer begin CPR. After a few cycles, you notice the chest compression rate is
slowing. What should you say to offer constructive feedback?
answer
"You need to compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute." Sometimes a team member may need to correct actions that are incorrect or
inappropriate. In this case, you notice the chest compression rate is slowing. You should remind the other
rescuer that a compression rate of 100 to 120/min should be used. Any person on the team should stop
someone else from making a mistake, regardless of their role on the team.
question
Early defibrillation is a link in the adult Chain of Survival. Why is this important to survival?
answer
It eliminates the abnormal heart rhythm. An AED can help terminate an abnormal rhythm and restore a regular heart rhythm.
When used in combination with high-quality CPR, an AED can double (or triple) the chances of survival.
question
What special circumstance should a rescuer consider when using an AED?
answer
On a hairy chest, the pads may not stick and may fail to deliver a shock. Special circumstances may require the rescuer to take additional actions when placing
AED pads on a victim who has a hairy chest. In this case, the AED pads may stick to the hair and not to the skin
on the chest, making it difficult to analyze the victim's heart rhythm and deliver a shock (if needed). Most AED kits
contain a razor for this reason.
question
Which adult victim requires high-quality CPR?
answer
Has no normal breathing and no pulse. A victim who is unresponsive, is not breathing, and has no pulse requires high-quality
CPR. Starting high-quality CPR immediately after cardiac arrest can greatly improve a victim's chance of survival.
An AED should be used as soon as it becomes available.
question
Which characteristics of chest compressions in high-quality CPR are given to a child?
answer
At least one third the depth of the chest, approximately 2 inches (5 cm)
question
Why is allowing complete chest recoil important when performing high-quality CPR?
answer
The heart will adequately refill between compressions. Allowing complete chest recoil (between compressions) permits blood to flow into the
heart. Incomplete chest recoil is inefficient because it reduces the blood flow created by chest compressions.
question
When you are performing CPR on an unresponsive person whom you know is choking, what modification
should you incorporate?
answer
Each time you open the airway, you look for the obstructing object. If you see an object that can be easily removed, remove it with your fingers. If you do not see an
object, continue CPR.
question
An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise
shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help. You have determined that the infant is responsive and choking with a severe airway obstruction. How do
you relieve the airway obstruction?
answer
Give sets of 5 back slaps and 5 chest thrusts.
question
An 8-month-old infant is eating and suddenly begins to cough. The infant is unable to make any noise
shortly after. You pick up the infant and shout for help. The infant becomes unresponsive. Which action do you perform to relieve choking in an unresponsive
infant?
answer
Perform CPR, and look in the mouth for the obstructing object before you give each breath.
question
A 67-year-old man is found unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. You and a second rescuer
begin performing high-quality CPR.
When should rescuers switch positions during CPR?
answer
About every 2 minutes. Rescuers should switch compressors frequently (about every 2 minutes or, if an
AED is attached, when the AED is analyzing the rhythm) so that CPR quality is not reduced because of
fatigue.
question
A 67-year-old man is found unresponsive, not breathing, and without a pulse. You and a second rescuer
begin performing high-quality CPR. You notice the person giving chest compressions is not allowing for complete chest recoil. What is your
next course of action?
answer
Tell the compressor you notice decreased chest recoil. Sometimes a team member may need to correct actions that are incorrect or
inappropriate. In this case, complete chest recoil is not occurring; therefore, the next course of action would
be to notify the compressor of this. Any person on the team should stop someone else from making a
mistake, regardless of their role on the team.
question
How can rescuers ensure that they are providing effective breaths when using a bag-mask device?
answer
Observing the chest rise with each breath. the bag to give breaths while watching for visible chest rise. Deliver each
breath over 1 second, with or without supplemental oxygen.
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