Comm 114 Chapter 5

5 October 2022
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A structured system of symbols used for creating meaning is known as a(n)
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language
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The use of a "thumbs-up" gesture to symbolize the statement "good luck"
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illustrates that meaning can be conveyed without the use of words. b. does not qualify as a form of language. c. involves a specific meaning that is culturally understood. d. All the answers are correct.
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Which of the following terms is onomatopoetic?
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splash
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What type of language rule deals with the correct pronunciation of words?
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phonological
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To an American, the phrase "How are you today?" sounds correct, whereas the phrase "Today you are how?" sounds incorrect. The second phrase violates which rule of language?
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syntactic
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When Jesse first met Nicolette, he extended his hand and said warmly, "Nice to meet you." In response, Nicolette sighed, rolled her eyes, and simply said, "Yah," in a very sarcastic tone. Jesse inferred that Nicolette was not excited about meeting him, based on her reaction. On which rule of language did Jesse likely base his decision?
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pragmatic rule
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The literal, "dictionary" definition of a word is its ________ meaning.
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denotative
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Words that evoke strongly positive or strongly negative connotations are known collectively as
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loaded language
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The word set has nearly 200 discrete meanings in the English language. Imprecise use of set illustrates which of the following statements about language?
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Language can be unclear because of multiple meanings for the same word.
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Which of the following statements about language and culture is true?
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When people speak more than one language, their language use is often accompanied by a shift in cultural values.
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Which of the following statements would be true according to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
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If a culture does not have a word for an emotion, its members will not be able to experience that emotion.
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Which of the following statements about smoking is the best example of an appeal to pathos?
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Think about how many lives you're ruining by continuing to smoke.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms that have been levied against the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
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Children who grow up in a bilingual family experience a great deal of cognitive dissonance because of the conflicting languages.
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According to research, women who take their husbands' name when they marry differ in some ways from women who keep their birth name. Which of the following statements is true?
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Name-keepers say their personal concerns are more important than their relationships.
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Which persuasion strategy takes advantage of the speaker's credibility?
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appeal to ethos
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Which of the following linguistic features was NOT identified in the textbook as affecting a speaker's credibility?
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incorrect diction
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The claim that "4 out of 5 doctors prefer" a certain medication for a headache is an example of which kind of statement?
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weasel words
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According to research, a joke must contain what in order to be considered funny?
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an expectancy violation
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Saying that someone has been "let go" instead of "fired" is an example of which language behavior?
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euphemism
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Which of the following phrases is an example of doublespeak?
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collateral damage
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Which of the following statements about slang is FALSE?
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Slang is an exception to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
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Regarding defamation, which of the following is true?
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Libel involves only statements made in print.
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Which of the following examples illustrates the idea of reclaiming a phrase?
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homosexual men referring to one another as "queer"
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Which of the following is true about I-statements?
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They allow us to claim ownership of our thoughts and feelings.
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Technically speaking, which of the following is a factual claim?
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"Candidate C accepted illegal bribes."
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All language is symbolic, and all symbolic systems constitute language.
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False
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Phonological rules deal with the correct pronunciation of words.
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True
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Using emotion to persuade is known as an appeal to ethos.
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False
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An allness claim is one in which the speaker intentionally misleads the hearer by arguing that everyone else agrees with his or her position.
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False
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Pennebaker's research shows that verbal communication has little ability to provide comfort and healing.
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False
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Slang can serve an important social function by helping people distinguish between those who do and do not belong to their social networks.
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True
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Profanity is highly context-specific.
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True
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Only false statements can ever qualify as libel.
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False
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An I-statement claims ownership of what one is feeling or thinking, whereas a you-statement shifts that responsibility to the other person.
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True
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a structured system of symbols used for communicating meaning
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Language
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Language is symbolic because
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•Different languages have different words for the same thing •The meanings of words can change over time
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onomatopoeia
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A word that imitates the sound it represents.
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Four types of language rules
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phonological, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic
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phonological
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correct pronunciation of words
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syntactic rules
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govern the way symbols can be arranged
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semantic rules
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rules that govern the meaning of language as opposed to its structure
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pragmatic rules
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rules that govern how people use language in everyday interaction
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language expresses
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affection, intimacy
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an emotional experience that includes feelings of love and appreciation that one person has for another
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affection
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a characteristic of close, supportive relationships
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intimacy
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Euphemisms
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a vague statement substituted for one considered blunt or offensive
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Doublespeak
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language used to distort and manipulate rather than to communicate
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slang
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informal language understood only by others in a particular group
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Jargon
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special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.
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Libel and slander are defamatory statements made about others ... used to harm another person's reputation or image
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libel: occurs in fixed median, newspaper slander: said out loud
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Hate speech
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a form of profanity meant to degrade, intimidate, or dehumanize groups of people
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hate speech may occur on the basis of
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• Sex • Ethnicity • Religion • Sexual orientation • Disability status • Political or moral views