COGS 17 Homework 3

EEG while awake/active, 18-24 Hz, Very high frequency, very desynchronized

EEG while awake/relaxed, 8-12 Hz, Very high frequency, somewhat more synchronized than Beta

EEG during Sleep 1, 4-7 Hz, Lower frequency, still quite irregular, somewhat more synchronized than Beta

EEG during sleep 3&4, < 4Hz in less& more than 50%, Very low frequency, high voltage, very synchronized

During Sleep 2, 2 types of intermittent bursts of high frequency or voltage, as brain settles into deeper sleep

Another term for sleep 3 & 4. It's low frequency EEG and high synchronized activity

Stage of sleep associated with dreams

Another name for REM due to it's contradictory nature (active, desynchronized brain but paralyzed body )

Condition in which pons suppresses motor signals sent to Cord, so muscle action prohibited

Sequence of activation in Pons => (Lateral) Geniculate => Occipital Cortex that initiates dream sleep

Excitatory neurotransmitter released by PGO Wave to desynchronize brain

Duration(# of minutes) of one sleep cycle through Stages 1,2,3,4,3,2,REM

Condition after sleep deprivation in which system attempts to enter "Dream" sleep more frequently

Location in Hypothalamus of Circadian Clock

"Time Giver", a stimulus, such as bright sunlight, that can reset Circadian Clock

Path of Optic Nerve of collateral that connects special visual receptors in eye directly to clock

Gland that produces a hormone that impacts on Hypothalamus to increase sleepiness

The hormone from the Pineal Gland; can be taken as a sleep aid

Forebrain structure (Anterior and Dorsal to Hypothalamus) that modifies arousal in cortex

Neurotransmitter released by Basal Forebrain that increases cortical arousal

Neurotransmitter released by Basal Forebrain that decreases cortical arousal

Chemical that builds up in cells, released as NT, inhibits release of ACh, promotes sleep

Stimulant that blocks receptors for Adenosine, allows continued cortical arousal

Nucleus of Hypothalamus critical in initiating sleep (also assesses & regulates body temperature)

Structure in Pons whose functions include shutting off REM Sleep

Neurotransmitter released by Raphe Nuclei; very low in slow wave sleep, very high at the end of REM

"Net" from Medulla and Pons, for widespread arousal of Forebrain, esp Thalamus and Basal Forebrain

Two neurotransmitters released by reticular formation to alert brain

("Dark Blue Place") An arousal center, active during new tasks, vigilance, memory formation

Neurotransmitter released by Locus Coeruleus, absent during dreams; Amphetamines are antagonists for these

Effects of reproductive hormones on anatomy VS. on behavior

Class of reproductive hormones found in greater portion in females VS. in males

Sex chromosomes typical of females VS. males; helps determine gender

Systems of ducts in fetus that become part of internal reproductive organs of males VS. females

A male hormone, produced by testes, responsible for development of male anatomy and behavior

Another male hormone that inhibits development of female system of internal ducts

Enzyme produced by "switch" on male chromosome that leads to the development of gender

Condition in which genetic-male fetus does not respond to male hormones and thus develops as female

Condition in which fetus lacks Y chromosome, develops internally and externally as infertile female

A female hormone,(similar to testosterone) that, once inside fetal cells, promotes MALE development

Chemical in fetal blood that prevents mother's hormones from entering fetal cells and masculinizing fetus

Area of Hypothalamus w/ receptor sites for male hormones esp active during male sexual behavior

MPOA includes this nucleus which is 2.5x larger in males than females

Part of SDN that is smaller both in females and in homosexual men

Area of Hypothalamus w/ receptor sites for female hormones, esp active during female sexual behavior

Fibers connecting coritcal hemispheres which is thicker in females, who are thus less-lateralized

Hormones released by Hypothalamus causing Anterior Pituitary to release its reproductive hormones

Two Gonadotropic hormones that stimulate development and behavior in both genders

Male hormone released by female adrenal glands, stimulates secondary hair growth and sexual behavior

Area near Basal Forebrain associated with the sensation of sexual pleasure

Neurotransmitter released by Nucleus Accumbens in response to sexual stimulation

Hormone released by Posterior Pituitary at time of orgasm

Hormone released by Anterior Pituitary for refractory period in males and milk production in females

Part of Tegmentum active especially in Females during sex

Neurotransmitter released by Periaqueductal Gray Area, suppresses potential for pain

Theory that suggests emotion is an after-the-fact label we give to arousal and associated behavior

Theory: Once threat is perceived (via Thalamus), emotion is simultaneous ANS activity and subjective experience

Update of Cannon-Bard Theory that includes the Limbic System in circuit

Theory: Emotion is interaction between cognitive appraisal and autonomic/limbic activity

Key Limbic structure implicated in interpreting valenced situations and coordinating an emotional response

Area of Amygdala that promotes an attack when stimulated

Area of Amygdala responsible for the Startle Reflex

Areas of Amygdala involved in Conditioned Fear and subsequent enhancement of Startle Reflex

Degenerative calcium buildup in Amygdala that results in deficits in interpreting facial expressions

Area of cortex w. reciprocal connections to Amygdala; involved in expressing, inhibiting and reading emotion

Famous Patient with damage to Frontal Cortex from a railway building accident

Capacity to attribute mental states to others. Probably mediated by late-developing Prefrontal-Amygdala links

Prefrontal assessment of a negative situation that one is powerless to affect. Can lead to Parasympathetic Rebound ulcers

Ventral, Medial area of anterior Temporal Lobes involved in facial expression and (taste) reaction of disgust

Result of damage to AIC involving deficit in ability to spontaneously smile

Result of damage to Motor Cortex for facial region that involves a deficit in voluntarily showing teeth

Common task used in lab to assess risk aversion; tests anxiety

NT whose low turnover level is associated w/ impulsiveness, aggression, and depression

Excitatory NT associated with enhanced Startle Reflex

Inhibitory NT, admits Cl- ions into cells. Agonists (Valium/Xanax) are used to combat anxiety

Rule of Conditioning: Event associated with +/- reinforcement will/will not be repeated

Developed association between stimuli, especially involving an unconditioned response

Developed association between stimulus and response

Co-activated neural circuits presumably involved in learning and retrieval of associations

Physical changes in cells involved in Hebbian Cell Assemblies. associated with learning

Area of brain in which Long Term potentiation has been well studied/described

Type of NT involved in LTP

Type of receptor site for glutamate that is ionotropic and easy to stimulate

Type of receptor site for Glutamate that is difficult to stimulate and often requires hypo-polarization

Type of ion that blocks ion gate of NMDA

Type of receptor site that NMDA changes into after repeated co-activity in a curcuit

One kind of change to dendrite structure that results in an increase in surface area and this of available sites

Act by post-synaptic cell membrane that results in an increase in surface area and thus of available sites

DNA transcribed to RNS translated to protein production that increases likelihood of neural activity

Rare(except in hippocampus) generation of new neurons associated with learning

Recall of specific locations, spatial judgements of familiarity

Area of brain in which Spatial memory has been well studied/described

Motor Skill; How to do it (peck a target, ride a bike)

Areas of brain where Procedural memory has been well studied/described

Episodic (personal history) and Semantic/Associative (facts) memory

Areas of brain where Declarative memory has been well studied/described

Types of cells found in hippocampus whose activity becomes associated with particular parts of a familiar environment

The type of map formed by a subject who gets to know the spatial layout of a particular environment

Subsection of Cerebellum associated with conditioning of "eye blink" response

Area of Tegmentum(in midbrain) that also plays a role in "eye blink response"

Task requiring application of rule "Pick alternative that is the same as the sample stimulus"

Area lesioned in rats caused impairment on Match to Sample

Area that projects to Prefrontal Cortex implicated in declarative memory

Area of Cortex associated with "working memory" especially when response delays are involved

Syndrome from B1 deficiency via chronic alcoholism that especially affects cells of Prefrontal Cortex

Type of memory deficit most commonly associated with Korsakoffs syndrome; inability to generate new memories

Symptom of Anterograde Amnesia involving tale-telling in which imagination is not distinguishable from knowledge

Famous patient with damage to hippocampus and other temporal areas

Type of learning/memory H.M. cannot form

No deficits shown for this in H.M.

Limbic Structure that plays a role in learning such as "conditioned fear" and arousal in "taboo"

Deficit in ability to recognize(remember) faces

Area of brain associated with Inferior Temporal Cortex where presumably relevant data are stored

Area of brain where well-learned voices, words are "stored"

Dominance of one cerebral hemisphere over the other for particular functions

Test in which one hemisphere is anesthetized to test for capacity/speed of processing of other

Area in left temporal cortex larger in most humans(& in some other primates) associated with language processing

Cognitive principle that like-disrupts-like (e.g. left hemisphere activated by language)

Main bundle of axons connecting two hemispheres

Patient in whom Corpus Callosum have been severed (as in treatment for epilepsy)

Additional inter-hemisphere connection between anterior cortex, especially of temporal lobes

Hemisphere dominant for most language processing

Area associated with language production

Location of Broca's Area

Type of Aphasia associated with damage to Broca's Area

One type of difficulty in Broca's Aphasia; speech is slowed and halting

Another deficit involving word order and the use of syntax markers

The fixed class of terms that organize syntactical relations such as prepositions, articles, conjunctions, etc.

Deficit involving difficulty in "finding" words especially closed class

Deficit in one aspect of the "language of the deaf" associated with anomia

Area associated with language comprehension

Location of Wernike's area

Type of aphasia associated with damage to Wernike's area

Unlabored speech, with normal prosody as seen in Wenicke's area

Open (changeable) class of terms that includes nouns and verbs

Deficit in which patient cannot understand spoken words at all (even if they can read/write)

Deficit involving using irrelevant or made-up words

Aspect of language of the deaf NOT affected by damage to STS and Parietal Lobe

Cortical area in which damage would result in affecting Sign Language Production

Fibers that connect the areas involved in production and comprehension of speech

Type of Aphasia associated with damage to Arcuate Fasiculus

Deficit in which similar sounding words, but with different meanings, are substituted during attempt to repeat

Aspect of working memory involving rehearsal that is probably important normal function of these conditions

Global Pattern Recognition, Spatial and Socio-Economic are specializations of this hemisphere

Ability to get the "gist", to see the "larger picture", to organize narrative, etc

Abilities involved in learning, remembering and navigating environments

Abilities involved in facial and nonverbal expression and interpretation

Domain in which Global Pattern Recognition, Spatial and Socio-Economic abilities come into play in the aesthetic organization of sound