Chapter 9: Biotechnology

What is the temperature used for the extension step? 72 °C 94 °C 60 °C

How do the strands separate during PCR? -The DNA polymerase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands. -The primers separate the strands during the annealing step. -The high heat of the denaturation step breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands. -The cycling of the temperatures breaks the hydrogen bonds between the two strands.

What is a thermocycler? The process of cycling through the different temperatures of a PCR reaction 30 times The machine that controls the heat of the reaction, cycling between the different temperatures of the different steps during PCR The special DNA polymerase, used in a PCR reaction, that can tolerate the high temperatures The name for the DNA primers used in a PCR reaction

What is the sequence of the temperatures of a typical PCR reaction?

PCR

The practice of breeding plants and animals for desirable traits, such as high crop yield, is called natural selection. True False

Foreign DNA can be inserted into cells using a variety of different methods. Which method involves the formation of microscopic pores in the cell's membrane? electroporation heat shock protoplast fusion transformation

Recombinant DNA technology

How do restriction enzymes cut DNA sequences? They have the ability to cut DNA randomly. They cut DNA at sequences that have lots of adenine bases. They cut DNA at sites, called recognition sites, that have specific nucleotide sequences.

In general, how might recombinant DNA technology be used to prevent a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single gene? To replace a defective gene with a working gene To insert a desirable gene, remove an undesirable gene, or replace a defective gene with a functioning gene To insert a desirable gene To remove an undesirable gene

Which of the following attaches the target gene to a desired location? DNA ligase Chromosomal DNA Plasmids Restriction enzymes

Why would a recombinant DNA molecule be inserted into a host cell? It can protect the recombinant DNA. Plasmids cannot be isolated outside of a host cell. Restriction enzymes can only be used inside of a cell. It can be copied, transcribed, and translated into a desired protein.

If you used a broken thermocycler that could not heat above 75°C, which of the following problems could you expect? You would not get any amplification of DNA. You would get some significant amplification, but less than if you used a "normal" thermocycler. You would get the same amount of amplification as with a "normal" thermocycler. You would get more amplification than with a "normal" thermocycler.

Which of the following provides the specificity of the PCR reaction? heating to 94°C primers separated DNA strands Taq polymerase

A new arrow labeled "lengthens" could be added between __________. "target DNA" → "primers" "primers" → "DNA strands" "Taq polymerase" → "primers" "target DNA" → "DNA strands"

What is the function of the primers in PCR? They polymerize free nucleotides to form the new DNA strands. They are the monomer building blocks from which the DNA strand is synthesized. They provide energy for the DNA polymerization reactions. They provide a 3' end for the DNA polymerase.

In which direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand? 3' to 5' Both 5' to 3' and 3' to 5' 5' to 3'

What provides the energy for DNA polymerization in a PCR reaction? Primers DNA polymerase Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates Template DNA

Why is DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus ideal for PCR? It can synthesize DNA 5' to 3' and 3' to 5'. It does not require primers. It can withstand the high temperatures associated with PCR. It does not require energy to polymerize DNA.

What is the end goal of PCR? To increase the pool of different DNA sequences To allow cells to make DNA faster, thereby growing faster To quickly increase the number of copies of a specific DNA sequence

Which of the following is an application that uses PCR? Sequencing a gene, diagnosing a disease, and providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism Sequencing a gene Providing enough DNA for cloning into another organism Diagnosing a disease