Chapter 7- Analytic Epidemiology: Types Of Study Designs

Advantages of cohort studies include all except which of the following?

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an:

Analytic studies can be either observational or experimental.

Analytic studies focus on causal associations between exposures and outcomes.

Confounding means that the effect of an exposure on an outcome has been distorted by an extraneous factor that has entered into the exposure-disease association.

Disadvantages of case-control studies include all except which of the following?

Groups that are selected for an ecologic study might be residents of a particular:

Outcome variables of an ecologic study can include:

Participants are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study?

Random assignment of subjects to study groups helps to control for:

The Hawthorne effect is a bias that results from participants' knowledge of being in a study.

The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the:

The term retrospective means obtaining information about exposures that occurred in the past.

True or False? A case-control study can examine only a single outcome or a limited set of outcomes.

True or False? An intervention designed for the purpose of educational and behavioral changes at the population level is a community intervention.

True or False? Ecologic studies use the group rather than the individual as the unit of analysis.

True or False? Edward Jenner used a control group for his development of a smallpox vaccine.

True or False? In a crossover design, participants may be switched among treatment groups.

Used in case-control studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the:

Which factor distinguishes study designs from one another?