Tumor suppressor genes function to promote cell division, while proto-oncogenes function to halt cell division.
True
False
answer
False
question
Traditional cancer therapies target only the cancerous cells; therefore, patients rarely experience side effects of the treatment.
True
False
answer
False
question
The purpose of cell cycle checkpoints is to ensure that cells divide continuously.
True
False
answer
False
question
The only risk factor for cancer is the transmission of mutant alleles from parent to offspring.
True
False
answer
False
question
The goal of The Cancer Genome Atlas project is to catalog and understand the DNA mutations found in all cancers.
True
False
answer
True
question
Some cancers have high rates of mutation, but most have low rates of mutation.
True
False
answer
False
question
Several mutations are required for the development of colon cancer.
True
False
answer
True
question
Mutant BRCA1 and BRCA2 alleles are associated with lower rates of breast and ovarian cancer.
True
False
answer
False
question
Most individuals who are heterozygous for cancer-related alleles will develop cancer at a young age.
True
False
answer
False
question
Genetic mutations exist in almost all cancers; however, not all cancers are inherited.
True
False
answer
True
question
Epigenetic changes, including abnormal DNA methylation patterns and imprinting, are observed in many cancers.
True
False
answer
True
question
Chromosomal aberrations, such as aneuploidy and translocations, are rarely observed in cancer cells.
True
False
answer
False
question
About 40% of human cancers are characterized by mutations in the ras proto-oncogene, which results in uncontrolled cell division.
True
False
answer
True
question
A tumor arises from the continued cell division of a single cancerous cell.
True
False
answer
True
question
Aberrant DNA methylation can lead to cancer because ________.
imprinting is prevented
hypomethylation can activate key growth control genes
hypermethylation can inactivate DNA repair genes
the Philadelphia chromosome is caused by demethylation
methylation is not present in normal cells
answer
hypermethylation can inactivate DNA repair genes
question
About ______ of all cancers are the result of viral infections.
5%
15%
25%
35%
50%
answer
15%
question
All cancers are caused by mutations.
True
False
answer
True
question
All cancers have ________.
genomic stability
higher rates of mutation than normal cells
normal chromosomal structures
mutant oncogenes
normal numbers of chromosomes
answer
higher rates of mutation than normal cells
question
Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are DNA repair genes.
True
False
answer
True
question
An individual must have a genetic predisposition for cancer in order for it to develop.
True
False
answer
False
question
By sequencing the genomes of cancer cells, researchers learned that cancer cells contain ________.
more mutations than previously thoughtless mutations than previously thought
the same types of mutations in different cancer types
translocations, but not missense mutations
about the same number of mutations as predicted
answer
more mutations than previously thoughtless mutations than previously thought
question
Cancer therapies such as Gleevec and Herceptin may be preferable to traditional therapies that use radiation and chemicals because these new therapies ________.
can treat several different cancer types
prevent the inheritance of cancer-causing alleles
target all dividing somatic cells
target only cancer cells
remove excess methylation from DNA repair genes
answer
target only cancer cells
question
Cells can grow uncontrollably and cause a tumor that is not cancerous, but instead is ____________.
answer
benign
question
Cells that acquire the ability to divide uncontrollably, and which can break away and move to other locations in the body, are called _____________.
answer
malignant
question
During mitosis, the attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes is monitored to enable the anaphase separation of chromosomes. This occurs at which checkpoint?
G1/S
G2/M
M
answer
M
question
Exposure to ________ increases the risk for developing lung cancer, which causes 30% of all cancer deaths in the US.
Gardasil
cigarettes, but not chewing tobacco
the human papilloma virus
UV radiation
all tobacco products
answer
all tobacco products
question
For colon/rectal cells to become cancerous, _______ mutation(s) must occur in the cells.
1
2
3-4
5+
answer
5+
question
Herceptin, a drug for treating breast cancer, competes for the HER2 receptors on the surface of breast cancer cells, blocking them from receiving growth signals and passing them to the cell's nucleus.
True
False
answer
True
question
If genetic testing reveals the presence of a breast cancer allele in Anna's mother, but not her maternal aunts, then Anna ________.
did not inherit this allele from her mother
may have inherited this allele from her mother
should not be tested for these breast cancer alleles
will develop breast cancer at a young age
should not seek genetic counseling
answer
may have inherited this allele from her mother
question
Men who inherit the mutant BRCA1 or BRCA2 allele are also at risk of developing breast cancer.
True
False
answer
True
question
Genes that encode proteins that help regulate the cell cycle by starting and continuing cell division are known as _____________.
answer
proto-oncogenes
question
Genes that initiate or maintain uncontrolled cell growth are known as ______________.
answer
oncogenes
question
Genes that encode proteins that help regulate the cell cycle by turning of or decreasing the rate of cell division are known as __________________.
answer
tumor-suppressor genes
question
A malignant tumor of the eyes that is most relevant in children is known as__________.
answer
retinoblastoma
question
Most cancers are age related since cells only become cancerous after accumulating a specific a number of __________.
answer
Mutations
question
Mutant BRCA1 and BRCA2 alleles ________.
increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer
function at the G2/M cell cycle checkpoint
are proto-oncogenes
decrease the risk of breast and ovarian cancer
increase the number of chromosomes in the cell
answer
increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer
question
Mutations in DNA repair genes do not in themselves cause cancer, but they do increase the ________ across the genome.
answer
Mutation Rate
question
Research has shown that viral genes can promote and sustain the growth of cancer in infected cells.
True
False
answer
True
question
Since Gleevec binds to the same site as the ATP molecule, ATP cannot provide the signal protein needed to continue cell division; therefore, cancer cells stop dividing and die.
True
False
answer
True
question
The ________ cell cycle checkpoint ensures that DNA replication has occurred accurately.
epithelial
G2/M
G1/S
G0
M
answer
G2/M
question
The acquisition of new chromosomal aberrations during uncontrolled cell growth means that cancers continue to exhibit genomic ____________ as they develop.
answer
instability
question
The cell cycle is regulated by _____ [how many?] main checkpoints.
answer
Three
question
The familial adenomatous polyposis trait for colon cancer is associated with __________ instability.
answer
Chromosomal
question
The hereditary nonpolyposis trait for colon cancer is associated with failures in ________.
answer
DNA Repair
question
The protein product of the p53 gene functions at the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, pausing the cell cycle if DNA damage occurs; therefore, p53 is a(n) ________.
tumor suppressor gene
signal transduction pathway
example of loss of heterozygosity
oncogene
proto-oncogene
answer
tumor suppressor gene
question
The ras proto-oncogene family encodes proteins that function in ________, relaying signals from outside the cell across the cell membrane.
protein folding
DNA mutation
metastasis
tumor suppression
signal transduction
answer
signal transduction
question
The specific translocation forming the Philadelphia chromosome leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia because ________, resulting in continuous cell division.
the cells become aneuploid
the BCR gene sequences "switch off" the ABL1 allele
the ABL1 gene sequences "switch on" the BCR sequences
the cells become polyploid
the BCR gene sequences "switch on" the ABL1 sequences
answer
the BCR gene sequences "switch on" the ABL1 sequences
question
There will always be a baseline rate of cancer because ________.
all cancer mutations are inherited
pollution causes cancer
all cancers are ultimately caused by mutations
cancer is contagious
most tumors are benign
answer
all cancers are ultimately caused by mutations
question
This checkpoint determines whether cells will enter the S phase or will be sent to the G0 (G-zero) non-dividing state.
G1/S
G2/M
M
answer
G1/S
question
This checkpoint makes sure that the DNA has been replicated and that any damage to the DNA has been repaired.
G1/S
G2/M
M
answer
G2/M
question
Unrepaired DNA breaks decrease the rate of cancer causing mutations in genes located at or near break points.
True
False
answer
False
question
When an individual is heterozygous for a cancer-related allele, s/he may develop cancer after mutation of the other, normal allele, a concept known as ________.
metastasis
accumulation of mutations with age
loss of heterozygosity
chromosomal mutations
cell division
answer
loss of heterozygosity
question
When cells detach from a tumor and move to other locations in the body they are said to have _______________.
answer
metastasis
question
When six or more mutations in the FAP gene occur in a specific sequence in a certain cell, the result is ________.
polyp
intermediate adenoma
colon cancer
normal epithelium
late adenoma
answer
colon cancer
question
Women carrying one mutant BRCA1 or BRCA2 allele do not have an increased risk of developing ovarian cancer.
True
False
answer
False
question
________ occur(s) when cancer cells migrate away from the primary tumor and form new malignant tumors in other parts of the body.
Malignancy
Metastasis
Mutations
Cell division
Cloning
answer
Metastasis
question
A(n) ___________ between chromosome 9 and chromosome 22 in chronic myelogenous leukemia results in a Philadelphia chromosome.
answer
translocation
question
A cellular molecular pathway by which an external signal is converted into a functional response is called ______.
answer
signal transduction
question
The field of epigenetics has opened the way for the development of a new class of anticancer drugs ____.
that increase the level of methylation in cancer cells
that stop mutations before they occur in individuals with a predisposition to certain kinds of cancer
because of the discovery that epigenetic modification of key genes is important in some cancers and the fact that epigenetic changes are reversible
used specifically to treat breast cancer because the key genes involved in this cancer cannot be epigenetically modified
that are very similar to many chemotherapy treatments but are much more targeted and effective
answer
because of the discovery that epigenetic modification of key genes is important in some cancers and the fact that epigenetic changes are reversible
question
If a cell begins to divide in an uncontrolled way, it ____.
may form a benign tumor
signals uncontrolled cell division in other parts of the body
is a sign of metastasis
will always form a cancerous tumor
is considered a malignant tumor
answer
may form a benign tumor
question
Formation of __________ is an intermediate stage in the development of colon cancer.
answer
polyps
question
Cancer-causing mutations of the cell cycle ____.
increase the speed of the cycle
interfere with S phase of the cycle
stop the cycle and cause a build-up of cell toxins
cause the cell to bypass checkpoints in the cycle
eliminate one or more stages of the cycle
answer
cause the cell to bypass checkpoints in the cycle
question
The RB1 tumor-suppressor gene ____.
controls the G1/S checkpoint
is overactive in cases of retinoblastoma
is overactive in cases of breast cancer
is overactive in cases of leukemia
controls the G2/M checkpoint
answer
controls the G1/S checkpoint
question
A characteristic of all cancers is that ____.
they are always due to a chromosome disjunction mutation
several mutations in several different genes are required in order for cancer to develop
the cells divide continuously
they have a benign form and a deadly form
the rapid proliferation of cells is required
answer
the cells divide continuously
question
Abnormal epigenetic patterns of DNA ___________ are associated with many types of cancer, and the removal of these epigenetic markers can activate genes involved with cell growth and increase genomic instability.
answer
methylation
question
During metabolism, cancer-causing ____ are generated.
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
BCR-ABL proteins
mutated tRNA fragments
methyl amines
BRCA1 genes
answer
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
question
During the M checkpoint, the cell ____.
proceeds to G2 phase and the cell prepares to divide
proceeds to S phase or enters inactive G0 state
proceeds to interphase and completes DNA replication
monitors attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes
monitors completion of DNA synthesis and DNA damage
answer
monitors attachment of spindle fibers to chromosomes
question
Stem cells ____.
are the least likely to give rise to cancer
are found only in cancerous tumors
do not have the ability to divide
have the property of self-renewal by division
are immature cells that become nerve tissue susceptible to cancer
answer
have the property of self-renewal by division
question
One of the properties of cancer is its ability to spread, or __________, to other sites in the body.
answer
metastasize
question
In rapidly dividing cells, expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is the highest during the ____.
mitosis to cytokinesis transition
G1/S transition and into S phase
G2/mitosis transition
metaphase to anaphase transition
S/G2 transition
answer
G1/S transition and into S phase
question
According to the American Cancer Society, 30% of all cancer deaths in the U.S. are due to ____.
ultraviolet light exposure
smoking
industrial pollutants
pesticide and herbicide exposure
automobile exhaust
answer
smoking
question
Many specialized cells, such as white blood cells, ____.
remain in G0 until stimulated by external signals to reenter the cell cycle and divide
divide continuously and never transition to G0
remain in S until hormonal signals cause the cell to reenter the cell cycle and divide
mutate into other cell types by signals from bone marrow cells
skip anaphase in order to avoid the high likelihood of mutation during this phase of mitosis
answer
remain in G0 until stimulated by external signals to reenter the cell cycle and divide
question
Genes that turn off or decrease the rate of cell division are known as ________genes.
answer
tumor suppressor
question
In most cases, cancer-causing mutations ____.
occur during the G0 phase of the cell cycle
accumulate over a number of years
must all occur on the q arm of a chromosome
metastasize within a short time
accumulate very quickly within a single cell
answer
accumulate over a number of years
question
A proto-oncogene ____.
causes cancer
regulates cell division
encodes tumor-suppressing proteins
always becomes cancerous
repairs DNA
answer
regulates cell division
question
About ____ of all cancer cases have a hereditary component.
10% to 15%
5% to 10%
1% to 3%
25% to 35%
15% to 20%
answer
5% to 10%
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