What is the key question behind civil rights protection?
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What is the proper meaning of equal rights?
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When did civil rights become part of the U.S. Constitution?
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Civil rights were incorporated with the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment.
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Most of the government's positive actions associated with the civil rights issue in the United States stem from the application of
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the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
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Which of the following cases helped lead to the Civil War?
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Marbury v. Madison
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What goal did members of the abolitionist movement pursue?
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the end of slavery
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Which of the following people is most associated with the abolitionist movement?
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William Lloyd Garrison
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What was the Seneca Falls Convention?
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a meeting in upstate New York during the mid-nineteenth century regarding women's rights
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The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution guarantees
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the right to vote for African American men.
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What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish?
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It abolished slavery.
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What does the term Jim Crow refer to?
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the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction
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The Civil Rights Act of 1875 attempted to
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protect African Americans from discrimination in public accommodations like hotels and theaters.
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What was the Supreme Court's response to the Civil Rights Act of 1875?
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It declared the act unconstitutional because it protected against acts of private discrimination, not state discrimination.
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During the late nineteenth century, the equal protection clause was
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severely limited in scope by the Supreme Court.
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The Supreme Court's ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson
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established the separate but equal rule.
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The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had the most success with which political strategies for combating racism?
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lawsuits
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During World War II, ______ forced the federal government to address discriminatory hiring practices by threatening massive labor marches on Washington, D.C.
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A. Philip Randolph
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In 1890, ______ became the first state to allow women to vote.
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Wyoming
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A 1948 report on the problem of racial discrimination, To Secure These Rights, was issued by
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the White House.
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What was the Supreme Court's ruling in Shelley v. Kraemer?
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Racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts.
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What was the Supreme Court's record in segregation cases in the years before Brown v. Board of Education?
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The Court overturned forms of segregation using the separate but equal rule on factual grounds.
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"Strict scrutiny" is the level of judicial review the federal courts give to all cases that involve
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racial classifications.
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Which area of discrimination was touched by the legal principles of Brown v. Board of Education?
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public schools
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Legally enforced segregation in public schools is a form of ______ discrimination.
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de jure
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In their response to Brown v. Board of Education, southern states did all of the following except
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quickly desegregate their schools.
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In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Congress vastly expanded the role of the executive branch and the credibility of court orders by
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requiring that federal grants-in-aid to state and local government for education be withheld from any school system practicing racial segregation.
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One step taken toward the desegregation of public schools was
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busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones.
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Which of the following best describes the federal courts' trend toward school desegregation in the 1990s?
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The courts decreased the federal supervision of local school desegregation.
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What forbade workplace discrimination based on race?
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the Civil Rights Act of 1964
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The right to vote was strengthened in 1975 when Congress
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made literacy tests illegal and mandated bilingual ballots or other assistance for non-English-speaking Americans.
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To draw voting districts so that one group or party is unfairly advantaged is called
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gerrymandering.
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What does the term redlining refer to?
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the practice of banks refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods
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It was during the tenure of Chief Justice ______ that the Supreme Court established gender discrimination as a highly visible area of civil rights law.
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Burger
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The attempt to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment was an important struggle for
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women.
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Why did the Equal Rights Amendment fail to pass?
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It was not ratified by the necessary thirty-eight states.
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Title IX of the 1972 Education Act has had its greatest effect on
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university athletic programs.
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Under what conditions can a plaintiff successfully bring a sexual harassment charge?
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the plaintiff need prove neither economic nor psychological harm
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Which of the following are names of Latino civil rights organizations?
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G.I. Forum, LULAC, MALDEF
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What was the purpose of California's Proposition 187?
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It barred unauthorized immigrants from receiving most public services.
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What happened to California's Proposition 187?
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A federal court declared most of it a violation of the U.S. Constitution.
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Which group was excluded from immigrating to the United States from the late nineteenth century until the 1940s?
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Chinese
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United States v. Wong Kim Ark is an important case because it declared that
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anyone born in the United States was entitled to be a citizen.
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Before the 1920s, what was the political status of Native Americans?
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They were considered to be foreigners because their tribes were regarded as separate nations.
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The rights of disabled individuals to both access public businesses and not be discriminated against in employment are guaranteed by
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the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
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In dealing with the issue of gays in the military, President Bill Clinton established a
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"don't ask, don't tell" policy.
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What did the Supreme Court rule in Bowers v. Hardwick?
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There was no constitutional right to privacy for consensual homosexual activity.
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In Lawrence v. Texas, the Supreme Court
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struck down a state law criminalizing homosexual conduct.
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Who inaugurated government affirmative action programs?
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Lyndon Johnson
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In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that
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quotas and separate admissions standards for minorities were unconstitutional but affirmative action could be used.
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In the University of Michigan affirmative action cases, the Supreme Court
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rejected mechanical point systems for university admissions but upheld highly individualized affirmative action policies that were designed to promote diversity.
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California Proposition 209 was designed to
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outlaw all affirmative action programs in state and local government.
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