Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8

_____ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions and responses

Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through

Classical and operant conditioning involve learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____

Which of the following is true of observational learning?

The adage "When in Rome, do as the Romans do" best reflects which of the following types of learning?

Salivating at the presentation of food is an example of

In Pavlov's experiment, the dog automatically salivated to food because food is a(n)

Pavlov's dog salivated to the sound of a bell because

_____ in classical conditioning is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

In the context of classical conditioning, _____ occurs when the conditioned response dissipates after the anticipated reward is withheld.

_____ is a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.

Which of the following best illustrates positive punishment in operant conditioning?

Spanking is a form of _____; time-out is a form of _____.

Positive and negative punishment are meant to

Applied behavior analysis is based on the concept o

In observational learning, the first process that must occur is

_____, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the model's actions.

According to Bandura's model of observational learning, which final component determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

_____ is defined as a type of learning that occurs without reinforcement. However, this learning is not demonstrated until the person or animal is reinforced to do so.

_____ is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of a problem's solution

_____ refers to the retention of information or experience over time.

_____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage

Attention, deep processing, elaboration, and the use of mental imagery are _____ processes.

_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

Multitasking is an example of

The ability to listen to music while reading a magazine indicates

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

Which of the following is true of the term "levels of processing" in memory?

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test. When he studies the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever Billy was given a new toy. Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word "braggart"?

Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?

_____ of information is linked with neural activity, especially in the brain's left frontal lobe.

A person is most likely to store a seven-digit phone number in his or her _____ memory.

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

Shannon is an excellent student. She rewrites her class notes after each class. Rewriting her notes is a form of

In the context of short-term memory, which of the following is true of rehearsal?

Working memory

Which of the following is true of working memory?

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

Which of the following is subdivided into episodic and semantic memory?

_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.

Recollections of one's first family vacation to Disneyland are most likely part of one's

The cerebellum and _____ play an important role in implicit memory.

Cognitive psychology is the study of

_____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics.

According to _____, when people evaluate whether a particular object reflects a certain concept, they compare the most typical item(s) in that category and look for a "family resemblance" with that item's properties.

A prototype is a

Which of the following is the first step in the problem-solving process?

The last step in the problem-solving process is _____.

Recognizing problems involves

Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems?

Heuristics and algorithms differ in terms of their

Monique routinely uses a shredder to shred her junk-mail into confetti-sized pieces of paper, which she then just throws away. When packing her glassware to move into a new apartment, she runs out of protective styrofoam packing material. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. In this case, Monique has

Which of the following statements is true of inductive reasoning?

The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is known as

_____ is the tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that we accurately predicted an outcome. It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect."

The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information is known as

Which of the following characteristics is essential to the process of critical thinking?

Mindfulness means

Open-mindedness involves

_____ involves the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.

Which of the following is usually a trait of creative thinkers?

Standardization

Dr. Ambrose is administering an intelligence test, and one question asks, "During what month of the year does the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball championship games start?" Students from various groups within the U.S., as well as students from other countries, may have problems with this question because it is probably

Malcom has an IQ of 140. He has skipped three grades and is a straight A student with superior verbal and mathematical talent. Psychologists would most likely consider Malcom to be

People who are gifted have an IQ of

Intellectual disability (formerly called mental retardation) is a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has an IQ of _____ and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.

According to _____ there are three forms of intelligence, whereas according to _____ there are nine types of intelligences.

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, which of the following types of vocations would most likely require bodily kinesthetic intelligence?

Infinite generativity refers to

According to Benjamin Whorf, language determines our

_____ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence.

Developmental psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a person's genes or biological inheritance.

In the context of human development, _____ refers to the individual's environmental and social experiences.

_____ refers to a person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times.

A(n) _____ is any agent that causes a birth defect.

Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?

Which of the following refers to a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence?

Adolescents often have difficulty controlling their emotions and making sound decisions about risky behavior. Brain research suggests that this is due to the fact that during adolescence

Which of the following statements is true of the adolescent brain?

According to _____, as we age our cells become less capable of dividing.

The free-radical theory states that aging is caused by

According to Piaget, accommodation occurs when individuals

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to about two years of age is the _____ stage.

You tried to play peek-a-boo with your six-month-old nephew, but whenever you hid your face, he would cry. You try it again three months later, and now he laughs and enjoys the game, trying to uncover your face with his hands. Your nephew has begun to develop

If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's

The term _____ refers to an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

Juan is a child with low activity level and tends to withdraw from new situations. He is inflexible, and displays low mood intensity. Juan is said to have what type of temperament?

Parents who use the _____ parenting style give strict rules to their children with little discussion of the reasons for the rules.

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be