Chapter 5

The nuclear symbol of helium, ⁴₂He, is also the symbol designating _____________

The symbol 4e is a symbol used for __________

A positron is a particle emitted from the nucleus that has the same mass as _________

If absorbed internally, alpha particle emitters are the most damaging because alpha particles ____________

a

Which of the following is suitable as a minimum shielding for beta particles?

B

One symbol for the beta particle is B. Another symbol is ____________

Which is not a way to minimize your exposure to radiation? A) wearing a lead apron B) keeping a good distance C) standing behind a thick concrete wall D) wearing lead-lined gloves E) staying a longer time

The damaging effects of radiation on the body are a result of ________. A) the formation of unstable ions B) the formation of radioactive atoms in the body C) transmutation reactions in the body D) extensive damage to nerve cells E) the production of radioactive sodium ions in the body

Which of the following types of radiation has the highest energy? A) α-particles B) β-particles C) γ-rays D) visible light E) All of these have the same energy.

The process in which a nucleus spontaneously breaks down by emitting radiation is known as ________. A) transformation B) translation C) fusion D) a chain reaction E) radioactive decay

Gamma rays require the heaviest shielding of all the common types of nuclear radiation because gamma rays have the ________. A) highest energy B) most intense color C) lowest energy D) largest particles E) heaviest particles

Exposure to radiation is unavoidable because some radioactive elements occur naturally (T/F)

The correct symbol for hydrogen-3 is ³₂He. (T/F)

X-rays are generated by the nucleus during radioactive decay. (T/F)

y

¹₁H

⁰⁺₁e

¹₀n

In alpha emission, the atomic number ________.

In the nuclear equation of beta decay, ________. A) the new nucleus contains 2 fewer protons B) the new nucleus contains 2 more protons C) the mass number of the new nucleus is 4 less than that of the original nucleus D) the new nucleus contains 1 more proton E) the new nucleus contains 1 less proton

In beta emission, the atomic number ________.

If a neutron is lost from a nucleus, the atomic number ________.

During alpha emission, the atomic number decreases. (T/F)

When a positron is emitted, the atomic number stays the same. (T/F)

When beta particles are emitted, the atomic number decreases. (T/F)

The production of nitrogen-13 and a neutron from boron-10 by bombardment with a helium-4 nucleus is an example of radioactive decay.

The half-life of a radioisotope is ________. A) one-half of the time it takes for the radioisotope to completely decay to a nonradioactive isotope B) the time it takes for the radioisotope to become an isotope with one-half of the atomic weight of the original radioisotope C) the time it takes for the radioisotope to become an isotope with one-half the atomic number of the original radioisotope D) the time it takes for the radioisotope to lose one-half of its neutrons E) the time it takes for one-half of the sample to decay

Why is it important that radioisotopes used in diagnostic tests have short half-lives? A) These radioisotopes have a greater activity so they are easier to monitor. B) This minimizes the harmful side effects of the radiation. C) This is necessary so the radioisotopes will have high energy. D) These radioisotopes are less expensive. E) These radioisotopes are more abundant in nature.

An imaging technique that detects the energy absorbed by hydrogen atoms in a magnetic field is known as ________. A) positron emission tomography (PET) B) computed tomography (CT) C) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D) radioactive tracer study E) supermagnetic tomography (SMT)

After two half-lives, the activity of a sample is four times the initial activity. (T/F)

If the half-life of hydrogen-3 is 11.8 yr, after two half-lives the radioactivity of a sample will be reduced to one-half of the original amount. (T/F)

One type of radiation that is not used for medical procedures is the cosmic ray. (T/F)

X-rays are emitted during MRI scans. (T/F)

CT scans are based on the adsorption of X-rays. (T/F)

The diagnostic imaging technique that depends on magnetic fields and radio waves, not radioactivity, is called ________.

After two half-lives, the radioactivity of a sample is ________ of its original activity.

Krypton-79 has a half-life of 35 h. How many half-lives have passed after 105 h?

Iron-59 has a half-life of 44 days. A radioactive sample has an activity of 0.64 mBq. What is the activity of the sample after 88 days?

A radiation lab orders 64 μCi of P-32. After 42.9 days the activity of the sample is 8.0 μCi. What is the half-life of P-32?

The dosage of technetium-99m for myocardial imaging is 280 μCi/kg of body weight. How many mCi should be given to a patient weighing 65 kg?

A patient receives 3.0 mL of a solution containing technetium-99m for a breast image. If the activity of the technetium-99m is 9.5 mCi/mL, what is the dose received by the patient?

A sample of cerium-141 for a diagnostic test was dissolved in saline solution to an activity of 4.5 millicuries/mL. If the patient undergoing the test needs a dose of 10 millicuries, how much of the solution should be injected into the patient?

The most widely used medical isotope in nuclear medicine is ________.

The recommended dosage of I-131 for a test is 4.2 μCi per kg of body mass. How many millicuries should be given to a 55 kg patient? (1 mCi = 1000 μCi)?

When an atom of uranium-235 is bombarded with neutrons, it splits into smaller nuclei and produces a great amount of energy. This nuclear process is called ________.

In the sun, nuclei of hydrogen combine to form a larger nucleus and release a great amount of energy. The process is known as ________.

The splitting of a large nucleus into smaller nuclei is called nuclear ________.

The combination of H-3 and H-2 to give He-4 and a neutron is called nuclear ________.

Nuclear fission as used in nuclear power plants produces radioactive waste with long half-lives. (T/F)

In nuclear fusion, a large atom splits into smaller atoms. (T/F)

A large nucleus is split into smaller nuclei. A) both fission and fusion B) fission C) fusion

Very high temperatures must be achieved to initiate the reaction. A) both fission and fusion B) fission C) fusion

This nuclear process provides the energy of the sun. A) both fission and fusion B) fission C) fusion

This process produces radioactive by-products. A) both fission and fusion B) fission C) fusion

Large amounts of energy are released. A) both fission and fusion B) fission C) fusion

Two small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus. A) both fission and fusion B) fission C) fusion