Chapter 5.3 Textbook Quiz

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.
Explanation: The opponent-process theory is more accurate than the trichromatic theory. The opponent-process theory posits that there are three opponent color channels in the retina, which are responsible for the perception of color. The trichromatic theory, on the other hand, posits that there are only three types of cone cells in the retina, which are responsible for the perception of color.

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.
Explanation: There is a lot of debate surrounding subliminal messages and whether or not they actually work. Some research has shown that people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness, but it is unclear if this translates to real-life situations. In general, people have a lower absolute threshold outside of laboratory settings, which means they are less likely to notice or be affected by subliminal messages.

We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
Explanation: A cochlear implant enables the deaf to hear by receiving incoming sound information and directly stimulating the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain. This bypasses the damaged hair cells in the cochlea that are responsible for converting sound waves into electrical signals.

their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites
Explanation: Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to their brain's inability to process pain medicine. This means that they are unable to take pain medication to help alleviate their pain. Additionally, their high suicide rate is likely due to the chronic pain that they experience. Finally, their inability to tolerate the slightest change in pressure or temperature can lead to injuries and secondary infections of injured sites.

improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips
Explanation: In his 1964 book Signal Detection Theory and Psychophysics, Dutch psychologist John Swets proposed that signal detection theory could be used to improve the accuracy of military codebreakers, the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips, and the typing speed of telephone operators. Swets' theory was based on the idea that the human brain is constantly bombarded with information, but that only a small amount of this information is actually processed. The goal of signal detection theory is to improve the brain's ability to detect relevant information in the midst of this information overload.

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.
Explanation: The studies that suggest that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person imply that our perceptions are heavily influenced by our ethnic background. In other words, our perceptions in laboratory settings are inaccurate. Furthermore, these studies suggest that our perceptions of weapons are heavily influenced by our race. Specifically, the studies suggest that our perceptions are influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
Explanation: The statement We have more than five senses" is false. The five senses are sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch."

congenital analgesia
Explanation: Congenital analgesia is a condition where a person is born without the ability to experience pain. Though they can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure, they do not have the ability to feel pain. This can be a dangerous condition as it can lead to injuries that are not felt and can go unnoticed. It can also make it difficult to diagnose other conditions as pain is often used as a way to gauge what is wrong.

congenital
Explanation:Congenital analgesia is a condition where a person is born without the ability to experience pain. Though they can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure, they do not have the ability to feel pain. This can be a dangerous condition as it can lead to injuries that are not felt and can go unnoticed. It can also make it difficult to diagnose other conditions as pain is often used as a way to gauge what is wrong.

The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.
Explanation: The vestibular sense is not divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.
Explanation: The research by Goolkasian and Woodbury demonstrates that pattern perception can be affected by subliminal priming and preexisting biases. The research shows that subliminal priming is more effective than priming above the absolute threshold, and that those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures. Furthermore, the research indicates that those who have a preexisting phobia will interpret innocuous patterns as threatening. Finally, the research suggests that those who receive less auditory priming are more likely to hear things than those who receive more auditory priming.

The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally.
Explanation: The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally.

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth.
Explanation: The first two statements are true, while the last two are false. Deaf individuals generally do not believe that children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth, and they prefer to teach children to communicate in American Sign Language rather than teaching them to read lips. Deaf individuals may communicate through signing, but they also use other methods, such as lipreading, writing, and gesturing.

umami and fat content

The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory."

The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe.
Explanation: The olfactory and gustatory systems are responsible for our sense of smell and taste, respectively. These senses are important for helping us identify food and beverages that are safe to consume, and for providing us with information about the flavor, texture, and temperature of what we are eating or drinking.Both olfaction and gustation are considered to be chemical senses because they rely on the presence of specific chemicals in order to function. For example, our sense of smell is triggered by the presence of volatile molecules in the air that we breathe. These molecules interact with the olfactory receptors in our nose, which send signals to the brain that are interpreted as a particular smell. Similarly, our sense of taste is mediated by chemicals that are present in the food we eat. These chemicals interact with the taste receptors on our tongue, which send signals to the brain that are interpreted as a particular taste.Without the presence of these specific chemicals, we would not be able to use our sense of smell or taste. This is why olfaction and gustation are considered to be chemical senses.

The word "pattern" should be changed to the word "whole."