Which event must precede all others during tissue repair?
answer
Inflammation occurs near the affected cells.
question
All muscle cells contain striations.
answer
False. Smooth muscle cells do not contain striations. Although they do contain myofilaments, their arrangement is not regular enough to generate the striations seen in skeletal or cardiac muscle cells.
question
Which of the following are INCORRECTLY paired?
answer
muscle; endoderm. Muscle is derived from the mesoderm.
question
The wall of the alveolus (air sac) in the lung is composed of which type of epithelium?
answer
simple squamous epithelium. Yes, this single layer of squamous cells is ideal for the diffusion of gases in the lungs.
question
The proximal tubule of the nephron (kidney tubule) in the kidney is composed of which type of epithelium?
answer
simple cuboidal epithelium. Yes, the simple cuboidal cells line the kidney tubules (nephrons) so that secretion and absorption can take place.
question
The epithelium of the esophagus is composed of which type of epithelial tissue?
answer
stratified squamous epithelium. Yes, this epithelium protects underlying tissues from the wear and tear of constant swallowing in the esophagus.
question
Which part of the neuron (a specialized nerve cell) receives signals from other cells and is also the main metabolic region of the neuron?
answer
soma. Yes, the soma or cell body receives inputs (signals) from other cells and sends the information to the axon. But unlike a dendrite, it also is the main metabolic and nutritional center of the cell.
question
Which of the three muscle cell types has multiple nuclei?
answer
Skeletal. Yes, skeletal muscle cells are elongated and many can be quite long; therefore, they have multiple nuclei.
question
Which muscle cell type has visible striations but is not under voluntary control?
answer
Cardiac. Yes, cardiac cells, like skeletal cells, have visible striations but are not under voluntary control.
question
You observe a uniform tissue under a microscope. There is no lumen. The material looks densely packed, but you do not observe many nuclei. It appears that there are strands of fibers running in parallel directions. What type of tissue are you looking at?
answer
Connective tissue. You are probably looking at dense regular connective tissue. Connective tissue has a low cell count compared to the extracellular matrix.
question
Which numbered cell type initiates inflammatory responses to infection or tissue damage?
answer
Cell 5 is a mast cell, which produces and secretes inflammation-triggering chemicals, such as histamine. Note the secretory granules within the pictured cell.
question
How are endocrine and exocrine glands different from each other?
answer
Endocrine glands have no ducts.
Endocrine glands secrete substances (hormones) into blood without the use of ducts, whereas exocrine glands use ducts to secrete substances into the external environment.
question
You observe a tissue under a microscope. There appears to be a lumen on one side of the tissue. Lining this lumen, the cells seem to have long, fingerlike projections. Beneath the projections, the cells seem to have the shape of shoeboxes and are packed tightly together. What type of tissue are you looking at?
answer
simple columnar epithelia
The shoebox represents the columnar shape. Additionally, the fingerlike projections are likely to be microvilli.
question
After a heart attack, fibrosis occurs at the site of cardiac muscle cell death. This reduces the efficiency of the heart's pumping activity because __________.
answer
fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting. fibrous connective tissue is incapable of contracting.
question
Which of the following statements is true?
answer
Dense connective tissue includes a great deal of collagen. The prominent element of dense connective tissue are the fibers. Dense regular connective tissue primarily has parallel collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers. Dense irregular connective tissue primarily has irregularly arranged collagen fibers and some elastic fibers. Elastic connective tissue contains a high proportion of elastic fibers.
question
In connective tissue, the role of elastic fibers is to __________.
answer
provide flexibility. Elastic fibers contain elastin, a rubberlike protein that allows them to stretch and recoil like rubber bands, making them very flexible.
question
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of nervous tissue?
answer
creates linings
question
Injured cartilage might heal more quickly if a treatment were discovered that would __________.
answer
stimulate blood vessels to develop within cartilage. Cartilage is normally avascular, so nutrients required for healing must diffuse from distant blood vessels, which delays the healing process.
question
Which of the following is NOT a manner in which any epithelial tissue is classified?
answer
location. This is one way that epithelia are not classified. Epithelia are classified by their shape and layering. Epithelial glands are named based on their type of secretion, number of cells, and structure.
question
Which of the following glands might utilize the secretory mechanism and duct structure shown in A?
answer
pancreas. Merocrine glands, such as that shown in A, produce secretions such as saliva, sweat, and digestive enzymes.
question
What function do transitional epithelia have?
answer
stretching. Transitional epithelium is found in the urinary system. It lines the ureters, bladder, and proximal part of the urethra--organs that are subjected to distention or stretching as urine passes through or fills them.
question
Which of the following is a dry membrane exposed to the air?
answer
Cutaneous membrane. The cutaneous membrane is your skin, an organ consisting of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis). Unlike other epithelial membranes, the cutaneous membrane is exposed to the air and is a dry membrane.
question
Why are adipose tissue, blood, and bone all considered to be connective tissues?
answer
They have a common origin: mesenchyme.
Adipose tissue, bone, and blood (like all connective tissues) are derived from mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue. Also common to all connective tissues is the presence of cells and an extracellular matrix that consists of fibers bathed in ground substance.
question
Which of the following characteristics is lacking in the typical areolar connective tissue pictured in the figure?
vascularity
ground substance
elastic properties
ability to support other tissues
None of these characteristics is lacking.
answer
None. This tissue has all of these abilities.
question
An exocrine gland that has an unbranched duct would be classified as a __________.
answer
multicellular simple gland. Multicellular exocrine glands with unbranched ducts are "simple"; those with branched ducts are "compound." Unicellular exocrine glands do not have ducts.
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