Chapter 4

6 October 2022
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question
São Paulo's economic base was initially tied to the growing and transshipment of:
answer
Coffee
Explanation: The economic base of Sao Paulo was initially linked to the growth and transshipment of coffee. The city was well-positioned to serve as a hub for coffee production and trade, as it was located near key coffee-growing regions and had access to ports that could ship coffee to international markets. The coffee trade helped to fuel the city's growth and development, and Sao Paulo soon became one of the largest and most prosperous cities in Brazil.
question
Beginning in the 1960s, architect and mayor Jaime Lerner masterminded the evolution of what city into one of the pioneering laboratories of sustainable urbanism?
answer
Curitiba
Explanation: Lerner is responsible for the transformation of Curitiba, Brazil into a model of sustainable urbanism. He introduced a variety of innovative urban design and planning strategies that emphasized environmental sustainability, social equity, and economic development. These strategies included the creation of a comprehensive bus rapid transit system, the development of pedestrian-friendly public spaces, and the implementation of a robust recycling program. Curitiba's success in becoming a more sustainable and livable city has served as an inspiration for other cities around the world looking to improve their own urban environments.
question
Using the term "dual cities" in the context of South American urbanism refers to:
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The gap between modern, progressive elements and impoverished, obsolete elements
Explanation: The term dual cities" in the context of South American urbanism refers to the existence of two separate and distinct urban areas within the same city. These two areas are typically characterized by different socioeconomic conditions, with one being significantly wealthier than the other. This socioeconomic divide is often reflected in the physical landscape of the city, with the wealthier area being more modern and well-developed, while the poorer area is more run-down and dilapidated. The term "dual cities" is used to highlight the stark contrast between these two areas and the inequality that exists between them."
question
A "Water War" erupted in Cochabamba, Peru, in 2000. What event precipitated these major uprisings and multiday protests by the city's citizens?
answer
A global company was given control of the cities water and it raised water fees.
Explanation: In 2000, the World Bank pressured the Peruvian government to privatize the water supply in Cochabamba, Bolivia. The government then contracted a private company, Aguas del Tunari, to manage the city's water system. The company raised water rates by as much as 200 percent, which caused widespread protests among the city's citizens. The protests turned into a full-blown rebellion, and the government was forced to cancel the contract with Aguas del Tunari.
question
Buenos Aires is located on the edge of the humid pampas. How would you describe the setting of Lima?
answer
Coastal desert
Explanation: Lima is located on the edge of the arid coastal plain. The setting of Lima is characterized by its desert climate and its lack of freshwater resources.
question
Georgetown, Guyana, along with the cities of Suriname and French Guiana:
answer
Are characterized by an ethnic geography that is Caribbean in its composition and are located on the continent of South America.
Explanation: Georgetown, Guyana, is the capital of Guyana, located in the northeastern corner of South America. Suriname is a country located on the northern coast of South America, while French Guiana is an overseas department of France located on the northeastern coast of South America. All three countries are former colonies of European powers and share many cultural and historical similarities.Georgetown is the largest city in Guyana and the country's main economic and cultural center. The city is home to a large number of government buildings and foreign embassies, as well as a variety of shops, restaurants, and hotels. Georgetown's scenic waterfront is a popular tourist destination, and the city is also home to several museums and art galleries.Suriname is the smallest country in South America, and its capital, Paramaribo, is located on the Suriname River. The city is a melting pot of cultures, with a large number of Hindu and Muslim residents, as well as sizable populations of Dutch, Chinese, and Creole people. Suriname is home to a number of interesting tourist attractions, including the former Dutch colonial fort of Paramaribo and the rainforest reserve of Brownsberg.French Guiana is an overseas department of France, and its capital, Cayenne, is located on the north coast of South America. The city is a lively mix of French and Creole cultures, and is home to a number of colonial-era buildings, as well as a lively market. French Guiana is also home to the European Space Agency's spaceport, from which rockets are launched to carry satellites into orbit.
question
A right‑angled gridiron of streets oriented around a central plaza was the urban form required under:
answer
Spains "Laws of the Indies."
Explanation: The Spanish Law of the Indies, which governed the planning of Spanish colonies in the Americas, required that towns be laid out in a gridiron pattern. This was in keeping with the Spanish tradition of town planning, which was based on the Roman model of a grid-planned city. The central plaza was the focal point of the town, and the streets radiating out from it were the main thoroughfares. This layout was thought to be the most efficient and orderly way to organize a town.
question
The level of urbanization (percent urban) in South America approximates that of:
answer
The US and Canada
Explanation: North AmericaThe level of urbanization in South America is similar to that of North America. According to the World Bank, approximately 80% of the population in South America lives in urban areas, compared to 82% in North America.
question
Which one of the following is not true with respect to spatial segregation in South American cities?
answer
Polarization of lifestyles by neighborhood is decreasing.
question
Venezuela's Ciudad Guayana does not fit into which of the following categories?
answer
Gateway cities.
Explanation: Venezuela's Ciudad Guayana does not fit into the category of coastal cities.""
question
The colonial core of Lima, the central area of Brasília, and the Carioca landscapes of Rio de Janeiro have all been designated:
answer
World heritage sites by UNESCO.
Explanation:Venezuela's Ciudad Guayana does not fit into the category of coastal cities.""
question
Pre-Colombian urbanization in South America reached its height in cities like Cuzco, which was built by the:
answer
Incas
Explanation: The Inca civilization was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, and Cuzco was its capital. The city was built in the Andean mountains and was home to around 40,000 people. The Inca were known for their engineering abilities and for their use of stone in construction. The city of Cuzco is an excellent example of their work.
question
The earliest urban anchor of Portugal's colonial holdings in South America and the second largest city in the entire Portuguese realm at the time was:
answer
Salvador da Bahia
Explanation: The city of Salvador da Bahia in Brazil was the earliest urban anchor of Portugal's colonial holdings in South America and the second largest city in the entire Portuguese realm at the time. It was a major port of call for Portuguese ships traveling to and from Portugal's African colonies and served as an important center of the slave trade. The city was also home to a large community of free blacks and mulattoes, as well as a significant number of Jews who had been expelled from Portugal in the early 1500s.
question
The three megacities of South America are:
answer
Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro
Explanation: The three megacities of South America are Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Buenos Aires. These cities are all located on the continent's east coast and are home to a combined population of over 21 million people. Rio de Janeiro is the most populous city in Brazil with a population of over 6.5 million people. Sao Paulo is the most populous city in Brazil with a population of over 12 million people. Buenos Aires is the capital and largest city in Argentina with a population of over 3 million people.
question
In the 19th century, South American cities became more integrated into the global economy by coordinating the export of primary commodities and the import of manufactured goods. What primary commodities were important in the 19th century?
answer
Beef, minerals, coffee, rubber.
Explanation: The primary commodities important in the 19th century were gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and zinc. These commodities were important because they were used in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, construction, and agriculture.
question
Guarded apartments, walled housing estates, chauffeured shuttles to private schools: these are all characteristics of:
answer
Defensive urbanism
Explanation: The answer is gated communities.Gated communities are usually found in affluent areas and offer residents a high level of security and privacy. They often have guards at the entrance to the community, and the homes and buildings within the community are often surrounded by walls or fences. In addition, many gated communities provide residents with shuttle service to private schools or other amenities.
question
During its "golden age" in the late 19th century, it was known as the "Paris of South America." To what city does this moniker refer?
answer
Buenos Aires
Explanation: The city in question is Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina. The nickname came about during the late 19th century, when the city was enjoying a period of prosperity and growth. At that time, Buenos Aires was considered to be one of the most modern and cosmopolitan cities in the world, on par with Paris in terms of its architecture, culture, and sophistication.
question
Brasilia:
answer
Has a center that is shaped like an airplane with a residential and governmental axis.
Explanation: Brasilia is the capital of Brazil. It is located in the Federal District, in the central-western part of the country. The city was planned and developed in the 1950s by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer.Brasilia is the capital of Brazil. It is located in the Federal District, in the central-western part of the country. The city was planned and developed in the 1950s by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer.Niemeyer's design for Brasilia was based on the shape of an airplane. The city is divided into three main sections: the Monumental Axis, the Residential Axis, and the Administrative Axis. The Monumental Axis is the central spine of the city, and it is where the majority of the government buildings are located. The Residential Axis is composed of housing developments that were built to accommodate the city's growing population. The Administrative Axis is home to the city's commercial and financial districts.Brasilia is a relatively young city, but it has already become a major cultural and economic center in Brazil. The city is home to a number of museums, art galleries, and theaters. It is also a major hub for Brazil's financial and business sectors.
question
One reason why affluent gated communities have located in low-income jurisdictions of Buenos Aires' suburbs is because of:
answer
Relaxed land use laws
Explanation: The affluent gated communities in Buenos Aires' suburbs have located in low-income jurisdictions because they can take advantage of the lower cost of living in these areas. The residents of these communities can also enjoy the benefits of being close to the city center while still being able to live in a safe and secure environment.
question
Residents of asentamientos humanos and villas meserias usually lack security of tenure, which means that they lack:
answer
Title to the land.
Explanation: Security of tenure is the legal right to occupy a property for a specified period of time. This right can be held by an individual, a group, or a government. In most cases, security of tenure is granted by a contract or agreement between the parties.Residents of asentamientos humanos and villas meserias usually lack security of tenure because they do not have a contract or agreement with the property owner that grants them the right to occupy the property for a specific period of time. This lack of security of tenure makes it difficult for residents to make long-term plans or improvements to their homes, as they may be evicted at any time.