T/F
The tragic case of Anna shows that without adequate nutrition a human being cannot develop a personality or self.
answer
FALSE
question
T/F
Even years of social isolation during infancy in humans does not cause permanent and irreversible developmental damage.
answer
FALSE
question
T/F
Psychologist John B. Watson claimed that specific patterns of human behavior are not instinctive, but learned.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
The "id" in Freud's work represents the human being's basic drives, which are unconscious and demand immediate satisfaction.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
The "ego" in Freud's model of personality is the same as "conscience."
answer
FALSE
question
T/F
In Freud's model of personality, the superego manages the opposing forces of the id and the ego.
answer
FALSE
question
T/F
According to Jean Piaget, language and other symbols were first used in the preoperational stage.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
Lawrence Kohlberg claims that individuals develop the capacity for moral reasoning in stages as they grow older.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
According to Carol Gilligan, boys judge behavior with an eye toward what the actions means for personal relationships.
answer
FALSE
question
T/F
George Herbert Mead used the concept "the looking-glass self" to refer to significant people in our lives.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
Mead's theory of the self is completely social; he did not recognize a biological element in personality development.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
Erik H. Erikson emphasized that almost all important socialization takes place during childhood.
answer
FALSE
question
T/F
Of all social institutions, the family has the greatest impact on socialization.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
Schools provide most children with their first experience of bureaucracy.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
Members of a peer group share common interests, social position, and a similar age.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
According to Kübler-Ross, a person first reacts to the prospect of dying with denial.
answer
TRUE
question
T/F
A college is a good example of a total institution.
answer
FALSE
question
T/F
Total institutions operate with the goal of resocializing inmates.
answer
TRUE
question
What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
answer
socialization
question
What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling?
answer
personality
question
Which theory, developed by the psychologist John B. Watson, claims that human behavior is not instinctive but learned within a social environment?
answer
behaviorism
question
In the nature versus nurture debate, sociologists claim that
answer
nurture is far more important than nature.
question
If you were to summarize the lesson learned from the case of Anna, you would correctly conclude that
answer
social experience plays a crucial part in forming human personality.
question
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the
answer
id.
question
In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure-seeking drives?
answer
Ego
question
In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture within the individual?
answer
Superego
question
Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that
answer
humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society.
question
Jean Piaget's focus was on
answer
cognition, or how people think and understand.
question
According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
answer
sensorimotor stage
question
For Jean Piaget, at which stage of development do individuals first use language and other cultural symbols?
answer
preoperational stage
question
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was
answer
moral reasoning.
question
Carol Gilligan set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys. Her research showed that
answer
girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards.
question
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be
answer
the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.
question
Mead placed the origin of the self on
answer
social experience.
question
According to Mead, social experience involves
answer
the exchange of symbols.
question
By "taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind
answer
imagining a situation from another person's point of view.
question
According to Mead, children learn to take the role of the other as they model themselves on important people in their lives, such as parents. Mead referred to these people as
answer
significant others.
question
Mead used the concept "generalized other" to refer to
answer
widespread cultural norms and values used in evaluating ourselves.
question
Which of the following statements comes closest to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?
answer
Personality develops over the entire life course in patterned stages.
question
Family is important to the socialization process because
answer
a. family members are often what Mead called "significant others." b. families pass along social identity to children in terms of class, ethnicity, and religion.
c. parents greatly affect a child's sense of self.
d. ALL RESPONSES ARE CORRECT
question
The special importance of the peer group is the fact that it
answer
lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
question
In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death
answer
is an orderly transition involving specific stages.
question
Which of the following concepts refers to a setting where a staff tries to radically change someone's personality through carefully controlling the environment?
answer
a total institution
question
According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is
answer
to radically alter a person's personality or behavior.
question
Which of the following traits linked to a total institution is NOT correct?
answer
a. Staff members supervise all aspects of daily life.
b. STAFF MEMBERS ENCOURAGE THE INDIVIDUAL GROWTH AND REATIVITY OF INMATES.
c. Inmates have standardized food, clothing, and activities.
d. Formal rules direct people's daily routines.
question
Which of the following BEST sums up Goffman's idea of the resocialization process?
answer
break down an old identity, then build up a new identity
question
An inmate who loses the capacity for independent living is described as
answer
institutionalized.
question
Based on what you have read in this chapter, you would correctly conclude that
answer
a. society shapes how we think and act.
b. human beings are spontaneous and creative with the power to change society.
c. human beings have the capacity to change the world.
d. ALL RESPONSES ARE CORRECT
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