the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
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When held at arm's length, how large of an item is needed to cover the moon when the moon is on the horizon?
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a pea
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Top Down processing
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perception of the whole based on our experience and expectations, which guide our perception of smaller, elemental features of a stimulus
Ex:You are looking at a painting in a museum. You perceive a house in the corner of the painting, although you cannot actually see the entire house because the edge of the frame is blocking part of the image. The fact that you know that what you are seeing is "a house," even though you can only see some parts of it, is due to
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Bottom Up processing
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the idea that perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces
-The first time you hear a song is an example of.....
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When Billy flips a coin, it appears to be different shapes as it rotates in the air. Sometimes it looks like a circle, sometimes more oval, and, when flat, like a thin sliver. By using which perceptual rule does Billy know that although his perception of the penny's shape may change, it never actually changes shape?
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(answer to question)
Constancy- Perceptual Constancy is defined as the tendency to perceive an object you are familiar with as having a constant shape, size, and brightness despite the stimuli changes that occur.
-The Major law of Gestalt law of visual organization
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Weber's Law
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The size of the noticeable difference in stimuli perception is constant proportion of the intensity of the stimulus.
-Weber's law states that the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of the initial stimulus. In each trail, the difference between the first sound and the second sound was 2 decibels. According to Weber's law, this difference is easier to detect when the average volume of the stimuli is low. When the average intensity of the stimuli is high, the difference is not as noticeable.
-Weber's law can be applied to different sensory modalities such as the brightness of light, the weight of objects, or the length of lines, Weber's law applies to many everyday situations.
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Based on our experiences, our brain understands that objects far away..
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are smaller than they appear
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Constancy
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The major Gestalt laws of visual organization?
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Perception involves the brain..
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To interpret visual stimuli based on experience in the real world
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Your best friend, Marc, leaves you a voice mail, asking if he can change the restaurant where you had agreed to meet him for dinner. Just as he mentions the new place where he wants to eat, his voice is obscured by a loud conversation going on in the background. It sounded like Marc said Antonio's, a restaurant that you eat at frequently with Marc. So, you go to Antonio's and, sure enough, Marc is there waiting for you. This situation illustrates
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(answer to a long question)
Top down processing
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Just for fun, you play Marc's message for your mother, who does not know Marc or the restaurants that you frequent. She would be
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less likely to identify the name of the restaurant because she could not employ top-down processing.
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Doing the game that resembles wheel of fortune, During the game, the quotes helped by enabling you to use
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(answer to question) Top down processing
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You went to the Army-Navy football game to meet your friend Kurt, who attends the Naval Academy. Finding Kurt turns out to be somewhat of a problem because half of the people at the game are approximately six feet tall, with similar hair cuts, wearing naval academy uniforms (including hats, which are called covers at the Naval Academy). The difficulty you have in finding Kurt occurs because you cannot use
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(Answer to question)
Bottom Up processing
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A person who has lost their sense of vision can still recognize people by their voices. Such a person uses
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both top-down and bottom-up processes to recognize people.
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difference threshold
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The minimum amount of stimulation required to tell the difference between two stimuli is called th
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According to Weber's Law, you are more likely to detect a difference in sound between
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2 and 4 decibels.
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Julia is holding a basket of apples that weighs five pounds. Sammy keeps adding more apples to Julia's basket and asks her to tell him when she notices that the basket is heavier. Julia notices a difference when the basket's weight reaches six pounds. Now Julia is holding a basket of apples weighing ten pounds. According to Weber's Law, how much additional weight in apples must be added for Julia to notice a difference?
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(answer to question)
2 pounds
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Based on what you have learned about Weber's Law and just noticeable differences...
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It is easier to detect changes in stimulus intensity when the intensities are low.
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Webers Law EXAMPLE
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For instance, in a quiet room it is easy to hear someone whisper, but you can hear someone's voice above other sounds in a noisy room if the person is shouting. In short, our sensory systems are generally good at detecting changes in our surroundings, but we do better when the initial value of a stimulus is weak than when it is strong.
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Tammy wants to attend a concert of her favorite duo, Queen Tunius and the Jake-man. Unfortunately, she does not have a ticket. She has decided to sneak in to the concert but is worried she might get caught because a security guard is sitting in the concert hall watching for trespassers. According to Weber's Law,
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Tammy should wait until most of the audience is in the concert hall before she sneaks in.
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