Rank each of the following events of the ovarian cycle in chronological order
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1. the follicular phase begins
2. FSH stimulates the maturation of follicles
3. estradiol increases the dominant follicle sensitivity to the gonadotropins
4. FSH secretion diminishes and non-dominant follicles degenerate
5. a surge in LH stimulates the primary oocyte in the dominant follicle to complete meiosis I
6. the secondary oocyte is formed and the dominant follicle ruptures (ovulation)
7. the follicle collapses and bleeds and becomes the corpus luteum
8. the corpus luteum secretes progesterone helping to prepare the uterus for a possible fertilization
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Sequencing the structures that carry an unfertilized ovum from production to the body's exterior
1. aldosterone - promotes fluid retention during pregnancy
2. estrogen - stimulates breast, uterus, and genitalia growth
3. progesterone - suppresses uterine contractions during pregnancy
4. HCG - prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum
5. HCS - promotes the release of fatty acids from the mothers' adipose tissue
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Stages of Childbirth
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1. early dilation stage - the cervix begins to dilate
2. late dilation stage - the cervix becomes fully dilated
3. expulsion stage - the baby's head enters the vagina
4. placental stage - uterine contractions continue and expel the placenta
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match each hormone with its effect on the female reproductive system
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*GnRH - stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH
*estrogen - stimulates feminizing effects associated with female puberty
*FSH - stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles
*inhibin - selectively suppresses FSH secretion
*LH - stimulates ovulation
*progesterone - prepares the uterus for a possible pregnancy
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match each description of female sexual response with the phase of intercourse in with it takes place
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1. excitement - the labia majora becomes reddened and enlarged, flatten, and spread away from the vagina
2. plateau - the uterus becomes nearly vertical called the "tenting effect"
3. orgasm - the uterus exhibits peristaltic contractions that may help draw semen away from the vagina
4. resolution - the orgasmic platform relaxes while the inner end of the vagina returns to its normal dimensions
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sequencing numbers of the female reproductive system
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1. 2,000,000 - numbers of oogonia at birth
2. 200,000 - number of primordial follicles at onset of puberty
3. 400 - number of total mature ova produced from menarche to menopause
4. 28 - total days in the reference menstrual cycle
5. 14 - standard reference of day of ovulation
6. 10 -approximate number of days in the proliferative phase
7. 5 - approximate number of days in the menstrual phase
8. 2 - number of tissue layers in the endometrium
9. 1 - number of polar bodies released after fertilization
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differentiating events that occur before and after ovulation in the menstrual cycle
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Before ovulation
-proliferative phase
-rapidly rising FSH
-rapidly rising LH
-Menses
-rapidly rising estrogen
After ovulation
-progesterone peak
-constriction of spiral arteries
-fertilization
-rapidly declining gonadotropins
-secretory phase
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match each stage of childbirth with the events to which it pertains
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dilation - amniotic sack reputres
expulsion - baby's head is crowning
placental - uterine contractions expel the afterbirth
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differentiating colostrum vs. breast milk
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colostrum
-higher in protein
-higher in immunoglobulins
-helps prevent gastroenteritis
-higher in calcium
-thin and watery
-provides a wide, systemic immunity to the newborn
breast milk
-higher in fat
-higher in lactose
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pregnancy endocrinology
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first trimester
-rising HCG levels dominate
-estrogen and progesterone production dominated by the ovaries
second trimester
-estrogen and progesterone production shared by the ovaries and placenta
third trimester
-elevating estrogen
-elevating progesterone
-estrogen and progesterone production dominated by the placetna
-placental dominance of estrogen, progesterone, and HCG
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match each description of an event in the ovarian cycle on the left, with an event of the menstrual cycle
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*onset of premenstrual phase - the formation of the corpus albicans
*progesterone spike of secretory phase - the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
*estradiol spike - LH spike of the ovarian cycle
*end of the proliferative phase - ovulation of the ovarian cycle
*the onset of menstruation - FSH spike in the follicular phase
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sequencing the uterine changes through the menstrual cycle
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1. menstrual fluid in the uterus accumulates and is discharged
2. the endometrium begins to thicken due to rapid cell division
3. the endometrium thickens due to secretion and fluid accumulation
4. due to degeneration of the corpus luteum, the lack of progesterone causes the endometrium to being to degenerate
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sequencing the letdown reflex
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1. milk is continually secreted into the mammary acini
2. the infants suckling stimulates sensory receptors on the nipple and areolae
3. nerve impulses travel along sensory neurons to the hypothalamus
4. the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary release oxytocin
5. oxytocin stimulates actin-rich epithelial cells of the mammary acini to contact
6. milk is squeezed into the duct and is easily sucked out by the infatn
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indicate the correct order of the uterine wall layers, beginning with the most superficial
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1. perimetrium
2. myometrium
3. endometrium
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identify the primary role of progesterone
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preparation of uterus for pregnancy
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the process of childbirth marked by contractions is referred to as
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parturition
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during the female sexual response, lubrication of the vestibule is by
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secretions of the greater vestibular glands and the production of vaginal transudate
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_________________ is the synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands
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Lactation
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The __________ _____________ are thin, hairless folds of skin medial to the labia majora
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labia minora
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___________ (class of hormones) and androgens are responsible for most of the visible changes associated with puberty in the female
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Estrogens
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_____________ includes the series of physiological and anatomical changes that indicate the onset of a females reproductive life
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Puberty
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within the ovary, eggs develop within encircling structures called
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follicles
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the period immediately after parturition is referred to as the __________ period and is critical for involution of the uterus and onset of breastfeeding
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puerperium
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identify the phases of the female sexual response
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*excitement
*plateau
*orgasm
*resolution
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the inferior cylindrical end of the uterus is the
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cervix
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list the series of events that contribute to increasingly forceful uterine contractions during labor starting with stretching of the cervix
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1. stretching of the cervix due to position of the conceptus
2. oxytocin released from posterior pituitary
3. increased strength of uterine contractions
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the _____________ is the most superior region of the uterus
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fundus
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the ____________ is the erectile organ of the female genitalia
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clitoris
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the pituitary hormone associated with the uterine contractions is
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oxytocin
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identify two characteristics of pubarche
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1. appearance of pubic and axillary hair
2. appearance of sebaceous and axillary glands
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the period of time from conception to birth is called
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gestation
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during prenatal development, from day 16 to week 8 the developing individual is called an
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embryo
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sexual excitement and plateau often culminate in the intense sensation referred to as an
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orgasm
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T/F under normal circumstances, mammary glands are only actie in women who are pregnant or nursing
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true
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the finger-like projections are called
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fimbriae
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identify the structures affected by vasocongestion during sexual excitement
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*labia minora
*labia majora
*clitoris
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arrange the path of blood from the systemic circuit to the endometrium of the uterus
from week 9 after conception to birth, the developing individual is known as a
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fetus
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a discharge of amniotic fluid due to rupture of the fetal membranes usually occurs during the ________________ stage of labor
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dilation
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a woman is primipara if she is
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giving birth for the first time
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the mound of glandular and adipose tissue overlying the pectoralis major that enlarges at puberty within a female is the
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breast
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a woman who has previously given birth is said to be
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multipara
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the products of conception including the embryo or fetus, the placenta and membranes are all collectively called the
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conceptus
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which stage of labor occurs after the baby has been expelled when uterine contractions continue in order to expel the placenta, amnion, and other membranes?
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placental stage
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lactiferous sinuses merge at the _______ of the breast
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nipple
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list in order the series of events leading to milk ejection
the duct that extends from the ovary to the uterus and conveys an egg or conceptus to the uterus is the
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uterine tube
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identify the stage of labor that begins when the baby's head enters the vagina and lasts until he baby is entirely expelled
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expulsion stage
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the ____________ of he ovary is the site of follicle development
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cortex
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the ___________ ____________ is a pocket formed by peritoneum between the uterus and rectum
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rectouterine pouch
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the head or ________ of the clitoris protrudes slightly from the prepuce
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glans
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identify two roles of the suspensory ligament of the breast
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*attach breast to dermis of skin
*attach brest to pectoralis major
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the structure surrounding the ovary is the
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tunica albuginea
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breast cancers usually arise from cells of the
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mammary ducts
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the hormone ____________ selectively inhibits FSH secretion
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inhibin
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identify three effects on circulation caused by an enlarged uterus interfering with venous return from the legs:
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1. varicose veins
2. hemorrhoids
3. edema of ankles and feet
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the ________ of the uterine tube is attached to the uterus
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isthmus
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the ___________ compromises the majority of the breast
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body
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a dark line called __________ ____________ often appears on the mother's abdomen from the umbilical region to the pubic region after pregnancy
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linea nigara
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identify three hormones that are present in elevated levels during pregnancy
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1. prolactin
2. thyrotropin
3. aldosterone
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identify the opening covered by the hymen
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vaginal orifice
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the pituitary hormone that promotes milk production by mammary glands is
answer
prolactin
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the superficial fat pad overlying the pubic symphysis is the
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mons pubis
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the longest part of the uterine tube is the
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ampulla
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the ________ functions to provide nutrients for the fetus, dispose of fetal waste, and secrete hormones
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placenta
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which term refers to the shrinkage of the uterus after birth?
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involution
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T/F: the female orgasm is followed by a refractory period similar to the male
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false
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identify the benefits of breastfeeding for the neonate, besides nutritional value
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1. laxative affect to remove meconium from intestinal tract
2. emotional bonding
3. supply of antibodies
4. colonization of intestine with beneficial bacteria
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the blind pouch at the superior end of the vagina that extends beyond the cervix is called a
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fornix
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during pregnancy, the hormone ________ stimulates tissue growth in fetus and mother, stimulates mammary duct growth and increase in breast size, and makes pelvic joints more elastic
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estrogen
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describe the function of the vaginal rugae
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contribute to stimulation during intercourse
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identify the affect of pregnancy on the glomerular filtration rate
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increased GFR
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the _____________ _________ is the opening between the cervical canal and vagina
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external os
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the fornices are part of the
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vagina
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the first menstrual period is called
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menarche
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the __________ ducts drain the lobes of the mammary glands during pregnancy
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lactiferous
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the ________ is the are of the female external genitalia enclosed by the labia
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vestibule
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during pregnancy the corpus luteum and placenta produce
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estrogen and progesterone
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the term ______ means thinning, such as the thinning of the cervix during labor
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effacement
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during ___________ the top of the babies head is visible
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crowning
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the area surrounded by peritoneum is the
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Vesicouterine pouch
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the __________ is the colored circular zone surrounding the nipple of the breast
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areola
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the inner portion of the ovary that contains the large arteries and veins is called the
answer
medulla
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in the vertex position the head of the conceptus is pointed
answer
downwards towards the cervix
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the ________ ligaments extend from the anterior surface of the uterus, through the inguinal canals, and terminate at the labia majora
answer
round
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