Chapter 28

What develops into female gametophytes?

What do seeds contain?

Compare and contrast stomata with the pores found in liverworts.

The appearance of cuticle and stomata correlated with what event in the evolution of green plants?

Animals are responsible for pollinating many flowering plants. Did animal-mediated fertilization originate with flowering plants, or was this mode of sperm dispersal likely in place before the origin of flowering plants? Explain.

Besides springtails, are there other ways moss sperm may be transferred from male to female gametophytes?

A friend in your biology study group claims that eggs in mosses are fertilized by spores. What is wrong with that statement?

What structure do moss sperm use for motility, and how does that reflect the evolution of land plants from green algae?

What important role does lignin play in vascular plants?

What impact will the loss of land plants have on the soil? See Section 28.1 ( page 563) .

Plants synthesize toxic compounds to repel insects, deer, or other herbivores. These compounds have also become important for the development of new _____. See Section 28.1 ( page 563) .

Angiosperms are most closely related to _____.

Which of these was the dominant plant group at the time that dinosaurs were the dominant animals?

Plants evolved from green algae approximately _____ million years ago.

_____ are an example of seedless vascular plants.

The living plants that are most similar to the first plants to bear gametangia are the _____.

Which of the following is a synapomorphy that defines all green algae and land plants? See Section 28.2 ( page 565) .

The term gymnosperm refers to plants _____. See Section 28.2 ( page 565) .

What question was answered using morphological traits, the fossil record, and molecular phylogenies? See Section 28.2 ( page 565) .

What group of organisms was likely ancestral to land plants? See Section 28.2 ( page 565) .

Which of these characteristics is shared by algae and seed plants?

In moss, _____ produce sperm.

The sperm produced by mosses require _____ to reach an archegonium.

In mosses gametes are produced by _____; in ferns gametes are produced by _____.

Where do fern antheridia develop?

The conspicuous part of a fern plant is a _____.

In pines, the female gametophyte contains _____, each of which contains a(n) _____.

In pines, an embryo is a(n) _____.

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _____.

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo?

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survive(s).

In the pine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____.

Vessel elements are more efficient at transporting water than tracheids because _____. See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

A pine tree gametophyte is _____. See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

Where should the loss of flagellated sperm be marked on the phylogenetic tree? See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

The ___________ gametophyte stage produces gametes (eggs and sperm) by __________. See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

On the phylogenetic tree, where should the origin of fruits be placed? See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

On the phylogenetic tree, where should the origin of flowers be placed? See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

A stoma consists of a _____. See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

Cuticle, stomata, and vascular tissue are all key adaptations enabling land plants to _____. See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

Fruit is most important in facilitating _____. See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

What does the directed-pollination hypothesis suggest? See Section 28.3 ( page 569) .

Charophyceae (stoneworts) are a type of _____. See Section 28.4 ( page 582) .

_____ are angiosperms. See Section 28.4 ( page 582) .