The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the
answer
glomerulus.
question
The average person has approximately _______ nephrons per kidney.
A. 1.2 million
B. 2.4 million
C. 3.6 million
D. 4.8 million
E. 5.6 million
answer
1.2 million
question
Loop diuretics reduce body water content by acting on the __________. A. feedback loop between the kidney and posterior pituitary gland B. countercurrent multiplier system C. countercurrent exchanger system D. aquaporins of the collecting duct E. thirst mechanism and water intake
answer
B. countercurrent multiplier system
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Normal urine from a healthy person should not contain __________. A. creatinine B. urobilin C. glucose D. ammonia E. magnesium
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C. glucose
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Renin hydrolyzes angiotensinogen released from the _____ to for angiotensin I
answer
liver
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This byproduct of protein catabolism constitutes approximately one-half of all nitrogenous waste
answer
urea
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Aldosterone acts on
answer
the distal convoluted tubule
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Which of the following are primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla?
answer
Juxtamedullary nephrons
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Which renal structure is responsible for producing hypertonic urine by reabsorbing water while allowing metabolic wastes and NaCl to pass through?
A. glomerulus
B. proximal convoluted tubule
C. distal convoluted tubule
D. collecting duct
E. nephron loop
answer
D. collecting duct
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In a healthy kidney, very little ________ is filtered by the glomerulus.
answer
protein
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Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.
answer
Would Result in a MORE CONCENTRATED Urine
-Overproduction of aldosterone
-Working outside on a hot day without access to drinking H2O
-Overexpression of Aquaporins
-Increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to H2O
Would Result in a MORE Dilute Urine:
-Drinking a large volume of H2O on a day when you rested & stayed inside
-Overdosing on Losartan, a drug that blocks the action of angiotensin II
-A new virus that attacks & damages the pituitary gland
question
match each nitrogenous waste with the substance from whose catabolism it results.
1. Uric acid
2. Creatinine
3. Urea
A. proteins
B. Creatine phosphate
C. Nucleic acids
answer
1 = C
2 = B
3 = A
question
The countercurrent multiplier recaptures ______ and is based on fluid flowing in ______ direction in two adjacent tubules.
answer
sodium; the opposite
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Which organ system does not excrete waste?
A. the urinary system
B. the cardiovascular system
C. the integumentary system
D. the digestive system
E. the respiratory system
answer
B. the cardiovascular system
question
1)The glomerular capsule leads into the ___________, the longest and most coiled of the four regions of the renal tubule
answer
proximal convoluted tubule
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2)From there, the filtrate flows into the ____________ of the ____________, the first part of the U-shaped portion of the tubule found mostly in the medulla.
answer
descending limb;nephron loop
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3)Next, the flitrate makes a 180 degree turn into the ____________, returning to the renal cortex.
answer
ascending limb
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4)The filtrate is funnelled into the ____________, the end of the nephron.
answer
distal convoluted tubule
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5)The ___________ receives the filtrate from the DCTs of several nephrons and funnels it toward the _____________.
answer
collecting duct;renal pyramid
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Indicate whether the provided renal function results from the creation of urine or through other mechanisms.
1. Directly Resulting From Urine Formation
2. Not resulting from urine formation
- ertythropoiesis stimulation
- removal of nitrogenous wastes
- electrolyte regulation
- filtration of blood
- blood volume regulation
- blood pressure regulation
- calcitriol (vit D) conversion
- reduction of blood acidity
answer
1. Directly Resulting From Urine Formation
- removal of nitrogenous wastes
- electrolyte regulation
- filtration of blood
- blood volume regulation
- blood pressure regulation
- reduction of blood acidity
2. Not resulting from urine formation
- ertythropoiesis stimulation
- calcitriol (vit D) conversion
question
match each hormone with its effect on water excretion
answer
Aldosterone-stimulates sodium ion retention.
Natriuretic peptide-Inhibits NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct.
Anti-diuretic hormone-Causes water to re-enter blood stream.
Parathyroid hormone-Decreases hydrostatic pressure in peritubular capillaries.
question
Identify whether each circumstance provided will promote an increase or decrease in blood pressure.
1. Promotes an Increase in Blood Pressure
2. Promotes a Decrease in Blood Pressure
- decreased sodium reabsorption
- increasing levels of aldosterone
- vasodilation
- increased release of renin
- declining levels of ADH
- vasoconstriction
- increased activity of ACE
answer
1. Promotes an Increase in Blood Pressure
- increasing levels of aldosterone
- increased release of renin
- vasoconstriction
- increased activity of ACE
-increased production of angiotensin 2
-increased activation of the thirst mechanism
2. Promotes a Decrease in Blood Pressure
- decreased sodium reabsorption
- vasodilation
- declining levels of ADH
question
The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when
answer
the body's water volume is high.
question
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by
answer
the proximal convoluted tubule.
question
Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.
answer
ASCENDING LIMB:
-Tubular fluid osmolarity decreases as it passes through
-Permeable to solutes
-Impermeable to H2O DESCENDING LIMB:
-Tubular fluid osmolarity Increases as it passes through
-Permeable to H2O
-Impermeable to solutes
question
The _____ muscle is located in the urinary bladder?
a. Detrusor
b. Distractor
c. Pubococcygeus
d. corpus spongiosum
e. corpus cavernosum
answer
a. Detrusor
question
hemodialysis is the _____cleansing of wastes from the blood:
answer
artificial
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Blood is pumped from the _______ artery to a dialysis machine and returns cleansed via a vein.
answer
radial
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In the machine the blood flows thru a ______membrane surrounded by fluid and is filtered.
answer
semi permeable
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The fluid picks up excess water and metabolic wastes from the blood and may contain _______ that can diffuse into the blood.
answer
medications
question
Blood leaving the chamber passes thru a bubble trap to remove _____ before returning to the patient's body.
answer
air
question
The urine is most likely to be hypotonic when
answer
the body's water volume is high.
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