Chapter 23: Digestion

The (primary/ accessory) organs of the digestive system are the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.

The (primary/ accessory) organs of the digestive system are the teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

The ______________ is a double layer of peritoneum that holds organs in place, acts as a site for fat storage, and provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves.

The _____________ mesenteries include the falciform ligament, which bind the anterior part of the _______________ to the anterior abdominal wall, and the lesser omentum, which attaches the liver to the lesser curvature of the _______________.

The __________ mesenteries include the greater omentum, which connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the _____________ abdominal wall, the transverse mesocolon, which holds the transverse colon in place, and the sigmoid mesocolon, which connects the sigmoid colon the the posterior pelvic wall.

_____________ organs are digestive organs formed in the perioneum that remain there and keep their mesentery.

The ________________ organs are behind the peritoneum.

The _____________ _________ organs fuse to the posterior abdominal wall with adventitia but lose their mesentery (they keep their anterior serosal membrane)

The liver, stomach, ileum, jejunum, transverse colon, and sigmoid colon are (intraperitoneal/ secondarily retroperitoneal) organs.

The Duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, rectum, and pancreas are (intraperitoneal/ secondarily retroperitoneal) organs.

The general digestive processes are ingestion, propulsion (peristalsis), mechanical breakdown (segmentation), chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation. _____________ is the major means of propulsion, ________ is the rhythmic local constrictions of intestine, and chemical digestion begins in the _________ followed by the ___________ and ____________ __________________.

The _______________ is the innermost layer of the alimentary canal wall consisting of the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.

The ______________ is the layer of the alimentary canal wall external to the innermost layer and contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.

The ____________ _______________ is the layer of the alimentary canal wall just deep to the outermost layer. It is made up of two layers: the circular muscularis (________ layer) and the longitudinal muscularis (__________ layer)

The __________ is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal and is the visceral peritoneum.

The Enteric Nervous System is made up of two visceral nerve plexuses. The _______________ nerve plexus lies between the circular and longitudinal muscularis and controls peristalsis and segmentation.

The Enteric Nervous System is made up of two visceral nerve plexuses. The ______________ nerve plexus lies in the submucosa and signals glands to secrete and muscularis mucosae to contract.

The __________ ___________ marks the border between the mouth and the pharynx.

The _____________ ____________ secures the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

The ________________ teeth first appear at 6 months. There are ________ of them

The _______________ teeth erupt by the end of adolescence. There are ________ of them.

There are 3 types of salivary glands. The ________ glands are parallel to the zygomatic arch

There are 3 types of salivary glands. The _____________ glands lie along the medial surface of the mandible.

There are 3 types of salivary glands. The ____________ glands lie in the floor of the oral cavity and contain primarily mucous cells.

The _______________ is the exposed surface of the tooth.

The _____________ of the tooth is in the tooth socket. The outer layer of the tooth is ________________. The ______________ underlies the enamel. The __________ _________ is the center of the tooth.

Four types of teeth are the __________, ______________, _______________, and _______________.

The dental formula for deciduous teeth is _____I, ______C, _______M X2

The dental formula for permanent teeth is _____I, _____C, ______P, ______M X2

The esophagus begins as a continuation of the ________ and joins the stomach inferior to the ___________. The _________ ________ closes the lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering the esophagus.

The esophagus has skeletal muscle in the __________ one-third of the length. The __________ one-third of the esophagus is made up of a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle. The __________ one-third of the esophagus is made up of smooth muscle.

The __________ is the most external layer of the esophagus.

The three parts of the stomach are the ______ _______, the ___________, the _______, and the ___________ ___________.

The ________ of the stomach are the folds in the stomach mucosa.

The __________ cells of the fundus and body of the stomach secrete special mucus and hydrogen carbonate.

The _________________ cells of the fundus and body of the stomach secrete HCl and gastric intrinsic factor.

The ___________ cells of the fundus and body of the stomach secrete pepsinogen, which is activated into _________ when it encounters acid in the gastric glands.

The three subdivisions of the small intestine are the __________, __________, and the ____________.

The main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter in the _______ of the small intestine.

The ________ of the small intestine are the transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa in the small intestine.. The _______ are the fingerlike projections of the mucosa and are covered in simple comlumnar epithelium. The __________ further increase the surface area for absorbtion.

The _________ __________ of the intestinal wall uptake digested nutrients.

The ___________ ________ of the intestinal wall secrete mucus that lubricates chyme.

The _________________ ________________ of the intestinal wall secrete hormones.

The _____________ ________________ of the intestinal wall are epithelial cells that secrete intestinal juice.

The large intestine is subdivided into the _____________, ________________, ___________, _________, and _________ _________.

While the ___________ intestine aims to absorb lipids, proteins, water, electrolytes, and bile salts, the ________ intestine aims to absorb mainly water and electrolytes

Compared to the small intestine, the large intestine lacks _____________.

The liver's digestive function is the production of ___________.

_____________ are the functional cells of the liver

The ______ _________ is composed of the bile duct tributary, the branch of hepatic portal vein, and the branch of hepatic artery

The hepatocytes in the liver do various things. The __________ ________ manufactures blood proteins while the ___________ __________ produces bile salts and detoxifies poisons.

The hepatocytes in the liver do various things. _________ detoxifies poisons (alcohol) while the glycosomes store ___________. The cells also have a great capacity for regeneration.

The hepatic portal system uses two capillary beds and delivers digested nutrients to the liver for processing. The first capillary bed is in the __________ and _________ while the second capillary bed is in the _________ __________.

The _________________ stores and concentrates bile and expels bile into the duodenum. __________________ is released in response to fatty chyme

The pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions. The endocrine functions produce _________ and ___________ for blood sugar regulation

The pancreas has endocrine and exocrine functions. The exocrine function produces most enzymes that digest food in the ___________ intestine. The _____________ cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes activated by trypsin in the duodenum.

The __________ cells in the main pancreatic duct produce bicarbonate. The main pancreatic duct joins the bile duct to form the ______________ _____________ that empties into the duodenum.