Chapter 22 Study Questions

Although lung cancer is difficult to cure, it is highly preventable. (T or F)

Emphysema is distinguished by permanent shrinkage of the alveoli. (T or F)

Strong emotions and pain acting through the limbic system activate sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus, thus modulating respiratory rate and depth by sending signals to the respiratory centers. (T or F)

What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?

What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?

Select the correct statement about the neural mechanisms of respiratory control. a. The ventral respiratory group is contained within the pons. b. The pontine respirator group (PRG) continuously stimulates the medulla to provide inspiratory drive. c. The pons is thought to be instrumental in the smooth transition from inspiration to expiration. d. The dorsal respiratory group neurons depolarize in a rhythmic way to establish the pattern of breathing.

Which center is located in the pons?

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing? a. rising carbon dioxide levels b. arterial Po2 below 60 mm Hg c. rising blood pressure d. acidosis resulting from CO2 retention

Which of the following respiratory rates illustrates eupnea for an average, healthy adult at rest?

Which of the following initiates inspiration? a. pontine respiratory centers b. ventral respiratory group (VRG) c. diencephalon d. dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Oxygenated hemoglobin releases oxygen more readily when the pH is more basic. (T or F)

As carbon dioxide enters systemic blood, it causes more oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin (the Haldane effect), which in turn allows more CO2 to combine with hemoglobin and more bicarbonate ion to be generated (the Bohr effect). (T or F)

Increased temperature results in decreased O2 unloading from hemoglobin. (T or F)

The largest amount of carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream in the form of carbonic anhydrase. (T or F)

What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?

The nose serves all the following functions except__________.

The factors responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall are_______.

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the_________.

Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?

The olfactory mucosal lining of the nasal cavity contains the receptors for the sense of smell (T or F)

The functions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air (T or F)

The lungs are perfused by two circulations: the pulmonary and the bronchial. The pulmonary circulation is for oxygenation of blood. The bronchial circulation supplies blood to the lung structures (tissue). (T or F)

The paired lungs occupy all of the thoracic cavity (T or F)

Tracheal obstruction is life threatening. (T or F)

The parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall. (T or F)

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing, but eventually equalizes with the atmospheric pressure? a. intrapleural pressure b. intrapulmonary pressure c. atmospheric pressure d. transpulmonary pressure

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? a. transpulmonary pressure b. intrapulmonary pressure c. intrapleural pressure d. atmospheric pressure

Which of the following gives the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas? a. Haldane effect b. Boyle's law c. Henry's law d. Dalton's law of partial pressures

Which of the following pressure relationships best illustrates when inspiration will occur? a. Ppul < Pip b. Ppul = Patm c. Ppul > Patm d. Ppul < Patm

What muscles are activated during normal quiet inspiration?

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?

What is the tidal volume of an average adult male?

__________, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

Which form of CO2 transport accounts for the least amount of CO2 transported in blood?

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation. a. A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation. b. As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required. c. A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation. d. Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

What is the most immediate driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?

What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?

Intrapleural pressure is normally about 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli (T or F)

During normal quiet breathing, approximately 750 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath. (T or F)

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation (T or F)

Valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. (T or F)

The average individual has 500 ml of residual volume in his lungs. (T or F)

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? a. The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. b. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility. c. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? a. acetylcholine (ACh) b. epinephrine c. an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system d. histamine

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture. (T or F)

Dalton's law of partial pressures states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, that gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure. (T or F)

Which of the following structures would be the LEAST vulnerable to damage caused by oxygen toxicity? a. brain b. spleen c. muscles d. costal cartilages

During pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of ______.

Emphysema can result in an ______.

The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphrases ________.

For gas exchange to be efficient, the respiratory membrane must be ________.

The local matching of blood flow with ventilation is ________.

Which of the following is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2? a. internal respiration b. external respiration c. pulmonary ventilation d. blood pH adjustment

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? a. partial pressure gradient b. solubility in water c. the temperature d. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by ________.

What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?

Ventilation perfusion coupling means that more blood flows past functional alveoli than past nonfunctional alveoli. (T or F)

Oxygen is unloaded where it is most needed when blood pH drops, this is a phenomenon known as ___________.

What is the most common method of carbon dioxide transport?

Which of the following qualifies as a fully saturated hemoglobin molecule?

Hypoxia can be caused by ______.

With the Bohr effect, more oxygen is released because a(n) ________.

In the plasma, the quantity of oxygen in solution is ________.

Which of the following counteracts the movement of bicarbonate ions from the RBC? a. chloride shifting b. the Bohr effect c. the Haldane effect d. release of hydrogen ion

Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin? a. number of red blood cells b. temperature c. partial pressure of oxygen d. partial pressure of carbon dioxide

Which of the following incorrectly describes mechanisms of CO2 transport? a. attached to the heme part of hemoglobin b. 7-10% of CO2 is dissolved directly into the plasma c. as bicarbonate ion in plasma d. 20% of CO2 is carried in the form of carbaminohemoglobin

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

Possible causes of hypoxia include ________.