Chapter 18 Study Guide Multiple Choice

The right side of the heart receives: a. oxygenated blood from the systemic circuit b. deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit c. deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit d. oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit

The heart is located in which body cavities? a. ventral, abdominal, mediastinum b. ventral, thoracic, pleural c. ventral, thoracic, mediastinum d. dorsal, throracic, pleural

the apex of the heart points toward the: a. posterior rib cage b. right shoulder c. left hip d. left shoulder

the base of the heart is its ______ surface. a. anterior b. posterior c. medial d. lateral

what is the most superficial layer to the pericardial sac? a. fibrous pericardium b. parietal pericardium c. visceral pericardium d. epicardium

the visceral pericardium is the same as the: a. epicardium b. fibrous pericardium c. myocardium d. endocardium

what is found between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium? a. the heart b. pericardial fluid c. fibrous pericardium d. the lungs

the condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called_____. a. pericarditis b. cardiac tamponade c. myocardial infraction d. angina pectoris

most of the middle layer in the heart wall is composed of a. cardiac muscle cells b. chondrocytes c. epitheliocytes d. fibrocytes e. smooth muscle cells

select the incorrect statement about the structure of the heart wall: a. the fibrous cardiac skeleton limits the spread of action potentials within the myocardium b. connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential c. the heart chambers are lined by the endomysium d. the myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts e. the visceral layer of the serous pericardium is the most superficial layer of the heart wall.

the interventricular sulci and coronary sulcus a. contain fat b. contain arteries c. contains veins d. are grooves on the surface of the heart e. all of the above answers are correct

the coronary sulcus is a groove that a. marks the border between the atria and the ventricles b. marks the boundary line between the right and left ventricles c. marks the boundary line between the right and left atria d. separates the atrioventricular valves from the atria e. separates the coronary arteries from the coronary veins

what surface grooves marks the position of the internal septum that separates the right and left ventricles? a. interatrial septum b. atrioventricular groove c. coronary sulcus d. interventricular sulci

the _____ are bundles of the muscles located in the anterior wall of the right atrium. a. papillary muscles b. chordate muscles c. pectinate muscles d. trabeculae carnae

which of the following veins do not drain directly into the right atrium? a. superior vena cava b. inferior vena cava c. coronary sinus d. pulmonary vein e. none of the above drain directly into the right atrium

small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ____. a. trabeculae carneae b. pectinate muscles c. papillary muscles d. venae cavae

the cusps of the atrioventricular valves attach directly to: a. papillary muscles b. chordate tendineae c. trabeculae carneae d. pectinate muscles

the internal surface walls of the ventricles are marked by irregular ridges of muscle called ____. a. crista terminalis b. chordae tendineae c. pectinate muscles d. trabeculae carneae

which of the following does not return blood to the right atrium of the heart? a. superior vena cava b. coronary sinus c. inferior vena cava d. pulmonary vein

which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood? a. pulmonary vein b. superior vena cava c. pulmonary artery d. pulmonary trunk

which vessel supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood? a. pulmonary trunk b. aorta c. superior vena cava d. coronary sinus

where should the left ventricle send blood? a. left atrium b. pulmonary trunk c. aorta d. coronary sinus

what vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium? a. pulmonary veins b. pulmonary trunk c. pulmonary arteries d. aorta

what vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchanges? a. pulmonary trunk b. aorta c. coronary artery d. circumflex artery

which vessels of the heart recieves blood from the right ventricle? a. venae cavae b. pulmonary trunk c. aorta d. pulmonary veins

contractions of the papillary muscles a. close the atrioventricular valves b. close the semilunar valves c. eject blood from the ventricles d. prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria e. eject blood from the atria into the ventricles

what is the function of the valves in the heart? a. promote contraction of the ventricles b. prevent back flow of blood through heart c. eliminate pressure variances within the heart d. invert during contraction of the ventricles

what valve presents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium? a. right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve) b. pulmonary valve c. left atrioventricular valve (mitral or bicuspid valve) d. aortic valve

which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base? a. pulmonary trunk b. coronary sinus c. pulmonary vein d. superior vena cava

select the correct statement about the heart valves. a. the mitral (bicuspid) valve seperates the right atrium from the right ventricle b. the tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle c. aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart d. the atroventricular (AV) valves present back flow of blood into the atria during ventricular

an insufficient mitral valve (bicuspid valve, or left atrioventricular valve) would allow the backflow of blood into the: a. right atrium b. left ventricle c. aorta d. left atrium

which of the following events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? a. ventricles are in diastole b. blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta c. AV valves are closed d. ventricles are in systole

the atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed a. when the ventricles are in diastole b. when the ventricles are in systole c. while the atria are contracting d. by the movement of blood from atria to ventricles

blood in the right atrium should travel next past the: a. tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle b. mitral valve and into the left ventricle c. pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary capillaries d. pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary trunk

the tricuspid valve is closed ____. a. while the ventricle is in diastole b. when the ventricle is in the systole c. while the atrium is contracting d. by the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle

when viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to tell the difference between the left and the right ventricles by ____. a. tracing out where the auricles connect b. noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls c. locating the base d. finding the papillary muscles

the fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that is a. pumps a greater volume of blood b. pumps blood against a greater resistance c. expands the thoracic cage d. sends blood through a smaller valve

compared to the right ventricle the left ventricle has all of the following characteristics, except that it a. has a thicker wall b. is round in a cross section c. pumps a greater volume d. works harder e. produces about four to six times more pressure when it contracts

which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole a. aorta only b. fossa ovalis c. coronary arteries d. coronary veins

the ____ delivers blood to the capillaries in the myocardium a. coronary sinus b. fossa ovalis c. coronary arteries d. coronary veins

generally, coronary veins empty into a vessel know as the a. superior vena cava b. aorta c. coronary sinus d. inferior vena cava

which two arteries arise from the right coronary artery? a. the right anterior interventricular artery and the left posterior interventricular artery b. the right anterior interventricular artery and the right circumflex artery c. the left marginal artery and the right circumflex artery d. the right marginal artery and the right posterior interventricular artery

the term for temporary chest pain associated with blockage of the coronary arteries is _____. a. ischemia b. pericarditis c. myocardial infract d. angina pectoris

which of the following structures is not associated with caridac muscle cells? a. myofibril b. endomysium c. triads d. troponin e. T -Tubules

what characteristic makes cardiac muscle cells different from skeletal muscle cells? a. excitability b. sarcoplasmic reticulum c. striations d. intercalated discs

compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ___. a. lacks endomysium b. has only one T tubule per sacromere c. has more nuclei per cell d. cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells e. does not contract by sliding filament mechanism

if cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from _____. a. decreased delivery of oxygen b. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production c. a lack of nutrients of feed into metabolic pathways d. an inadequate supply of lactic acid

autorhythmicity is the responsibility of: a. skeletal muscle cells b. cardiac pacemaker cells c. contractile cells d. cardiac muscle cells

the long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to a. the movement of fewer sodium ions across the the cell membrane b. calcium channels remaining open c. increased membrane permeability to potassium ion d. decreased in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane e. increased membrane permeability to sodium ions

what ion movement changes the membrane potential of a contractile cardiac muscle cell from negative to positive? a. influx of sodium ions b. outflow of potassium ions c. outflow of calcium ions d. influx of calcium ion

the rapid influx of sodium ions into a contractile cardiac muscle cell creates a positive membrane potential inside the cell and initiates the a. plateau phase b. repolarization phase c. depolarization phase d. pacemaker potential

during what part of the action potential will calcium ions enter a contractile cardiac muscle cell a. depolarization phase b. pacemaker potential c. repolarization phase d. plateau phase

in contractile cardiac muscle cells, which voltage-gated ion channel is most responsible for the plateau phase of the action potential? a. slow calcim b. fast calcium c. slow sodium d. fast sodium

during contraction of heart muscle cells _____. a. all of the calcium required for contraction comes from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. some calcium enters the cells from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores c. the action potential is prevented from spreading cell to cell by gap junctions d. calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated

which event is most responsible for the long duration of the action potential in contractile cardiac muscle cells (- 200-300 msec) a. plateau phase b. repolarization phase c. depolarization phase d. pacemaker potential

if the length of the absolute refractory period in contractile cardiac muscle cells was the same is it is for skeletal muscle cells _____. a. it would be much longer before cardiac cells would respond to a second stimulation b. contractions would last as long as the refractory period c. tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the hearts pumping action d. it would have no effect on heart function

what do pacemaker cell action potentials lack? a. plateau phase b. depolarization c. repolarization d. threshold

what normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart? a. subendocardial conducting network (purkinje fibers) b. atrioventricular bundle c. atrioventricular node d. sinoatrial node

which of the following is not a population of pacemaker cells in the heart? a. sinoatrial node b. papillary muscles c. atrioventricular node d. subendocardial conducting network

which of the following pacemaker cell populations has the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization at about 60x per min? a. AV node b. AV bundle c. sinoatrial (SA) node d. subendocardial conducting network

the right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the: a. subendocaridal conducting network b. SA node c. AV bundle d. AV node

the heart is innervated by _____ nerves. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. both parasympathetic and sympathetic d. neither parasympathetic or sympathetic e. somatomotor

if connection between the SA node and the AV node becomes blocked a. the ventricles will beat faster b. the ventricles will beat more slowly c. the ventricular beat will remain unchanged d. cardiac output will increase e. the atria will contract more forcefully

a damaged right bundle branch will prevent passage of the action potential to the: a SA node b. AV bundle c. subendocardial conducting network (purkinje fibers) in the right ventricle d. AV node

which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization? a. P wave b. QRS wave c. T wave d. R-R interval

the p wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates a. ventricular repolarization b. ventricular depolarization c. atrial repolarization d. atrial depolarization

what is not part of the cadiac conduction system? a. AV node b. AV bundle c. AV valve d. SA node

the sequence in which excitation would move through this system is: a. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5 b. 3, 2, 4, 5, 1 c. 3, 5, 4, 2, 1 d. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1 e. 4, 2, 3, 5, 1

abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most likely change the shape of the ______ in an ECG tracing a. P wave b. T wave c. QRS wave

at a heart rate of 60 beats per minute, a cardiac cycle lasts a. 60 seconds b. 60 milliseconds c. 1 seconds d. 0.6 seconds

with each ventricular systole, a. blood pressure remains steady b. then ventricles fill with blood c. blood pressure decreases d. cardiac output decreases e. blood pressure increases

the phase in the cardiac cycle when the mitral valve is closed and the aortic valve is open is the a. ventricular filling phase b. isovolumetric contraction phase c. isovolumetric relaxation phase d. ventricular ejection phase e. atrial systole

during the period of the period of ventricular filling ___. a. pressure in the heart is at its peak b. blood flows most passively through atria and the open AV valves into the ventricle c. the atria remain in diastole d. the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open

the period of isovolumetric contraction occurs during which phase of the cardiac cycle? a. atrial systole b. early ventricular systole c. late ventricular systole d. ventricle diastole

isovolumetric contraction __________. a. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers b. occurs while the AV valves are open c. occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close d. occurs only in people with heart valves defects

normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? a. blood entering the atria only b. closure of the heart valves c. friction of blood against chamber walls d. opening of the heart valves

the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during a contraction is called the a. end-diastolic volume b. end-systolic volume c. stroke volume d. cardiac output e. cardiac reserve

if the force of ventricular contraction increases, what will happen to the end-systolic volume? a. increase b. fluctuate rapidly c. remain the same size d. decrease e. reduced to zero

end-diastolic volume for each ventricle during rest is normally about: a. 25 ml b. 50 ml c. 70 ml d. 120 ml

end-systolic volume for each ventricle during rest is normally about: a. 25 ml b. 50 ml c. 70 ml d. 120 ml

the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular ejection phase is normally about: a. 30 ml b. 50 ml c. 70 ml d. 120 ml

the amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of the ventricular systole is normally about: a. 30 ml b. 50 ml c. 70 ml d. 120 ml

which wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) corresponds with the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle? a. P wave b. S wave c. T wave d. S-T segment

calculate the end-systolic volume (ESV) if the diasoltic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110ml and stroke volume (SV) is 70 ml a. 10 ml b. 40 ml c. 50 ml d. 180 ml

which of the following volumes should be the greatest? a. end-diastolic volume (EDV) b. end-diastolic volume (EDV) - end systolic volume (ESV) c. end-systolic volume (ESV) d. stroke volume (SV)

which chamber experiences a maximum pressure of around 118 mm HG during contraction? a. right atrium b. right ventricle c. left atrium d. left ventricle

what two valves are needed in order to calculate cardiac output (CO) for a ventricle? a. HR and end-diastolic volume (EDV) b. stroke volume (SV) and HR c. stroke volume (SV) and blood pressure (BP) d. end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV)

Stroke volume averages about: a. 25 ml per heart beat b. 70 ml per heart beat c. 120 ml per heart beat d. 180 ml per heart beat

calculate cardiac output if the heart rate is 85 beats per min, end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 130 ml, and end-systolic volume (ESV) is 60 ml a. 5950 ml/min b. 5100 ml/min c. 7800 ml/min d. 16140 ml/min

heart rate is controlled by neurons of the cardiovascular system center located in the a. pons b. thalamus c. medulla oblengata d. hypothalamus e. higher centers

norepineohrine acts on the heart by a. decreasing heart contractility b. causing a decrease in stroke volume c. blocking the action of calcium d. causing threshold to be reached more quickly

which of the following decreases heart rate? a. glucagon b. norepinephrine c. acetylcholine d. epinephrine

the most important extrinsic controls affecting heart rate are exerted by the autonomic nervous system. the neurotransmitter released by postganglionic parasympathetic neuron is ______. a. epinephrine b. norepinephrine c. acetylcholine d. dopamine

if the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ___. a. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract b. the heart rate would increase by 25 beats per minute c. the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart d. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate

what is the expected heart rate when a heart is removed from a living body? a. the heart would immediately stop beating b. 50 beats/min c. 75 beats/min d. 100 beats/min

Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per min. classify his cardiac dysrhythmia a. tachycardia b. asystole c. bradycardia d. heart block

which opening in the intertrial septum of the fetal heart connects the left and right atrium? a. fossa ovalis b. liagamentum arteriosum c. foramen ovuale d. ductus arteriosus

what is the major function of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale in the fetal circulation? a. reduce the heart rate of the fetus b. allow blood from the right ventricle to be detoured to the left ventricle c. allow venous blood from systemic circuit to bypass the pulmonary circuit d. helps maintain blood pressure in the systemic circuit