Chapter 16 Homework Phys

outer: pinna middle: stapes, auditory tube, tensor tympani muscle Inner: maculae, semicurcular canals, cirstae, vestibule, otolithic membrane

pitch: determined by the frequency of sound waves, measured in hertz, a person singing a high C, cycles per second Loudness: measured in decibles, how far back and fourth the cone vibrates on each cycle, sound intensity, amplitude of sound waves

1. Oval window vibrates 2. Pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli 3. Basilar membrane moves up and down 4. Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane 5. Stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open potassium channels 6. Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization

auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleous, incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, scala tympani, secondary tympanic membrane

linear: moving in a car that is driving in a straight line, going up in an elevator, jumping straight up in the air, falling off a cliff, beginning to run. Angular: performing a cartwheel, going on a merry go round, performing a summersault, executing a twist in the air, doing an upside down loop on a roller coaster

structure: cornea, retina, lens, iris, ciliary body, ora serrata, choroid Cavity: anterior chamber, pupil, hyaloid canal, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber

Rods: involved with night vision, smooth plasma membrane surrounding the intramembranous discs, uses rhodopsin, used in scotopic vision, absorption peak occurs at 500 nm Cones: involved with color vision, highly concentrated in and around the macula, infolded plasma membrane surrounds each disc, uses photopsin, absorption peak occurs at 420, 531, and 558 nm

cornea, anterior chamber, pupil, posterior chamber, lens, vitreous humor, retina, choroid

Rhodopsin absorbs light Cis-retinal isomerizes to trans-retinal Opsin triggers signaling cascade in outer segment of rod cells Glutamate release from rod cells decreases Bipolar cells detect changes in glutamate release Ganglion cells fire action potentials

Stimulus Modality: thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, nocioreceptors Stimulus Origin: interoreceptors, exteroreceptors Receptor Distribution: receptors widely distributed in the skin, receptors associated with cranial nerves

Deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration: lamellar corpuscles Light touch, movement of hairs: hair receptors Light touch, texture: tactile corpuscles Warm and cold receptors, nociceptors: free nerve endings Light touch, pressure: tactile discs

outer: helix, auricle, auditory canal, lobule Middle: incus, tensor tympani muscle, auditory tube inner: semicircular ducts, vestibule, cochlea

hearing: stapes, cochlear nerve, cochlea, tensor tympani muscle, basilar membrane equilibrium: semicircular canals, vestibule, vestubular nerve, utricle

light positioning (controlling how and where light strikes the retina) : extrinsic muscles, accommodation, cornea, pupil, ciliary bodies sensory processing (how that information is processed): bipolar cells, ganglia cells, amacrine cells, occipital cortex, photoreceptors