Chapter 13

T/F: Family function refers to how a family cares for its members.

T/F: Throughout childhood, children who are kind, trustworthy, and cooperative are popular among their peers.

T/F: Early adulthood is the prime time for moral development.

T/F: A child's interpretation of events can mitigate the impact of stressful events.

T/F: Active participation in a church can serve as a buffer for children living in stressful circumstances.

T/F: In polygamous families, income per child is higher than in nuclear families.

T/F: Making a positive adaptation to significant adversity is one sign of resilience.

T/F: The culture of children generally mirrors adult values and embraces the racial and ethnic exclusions perpetuated by adults.

T/F: Research indicates that mothers who describe their child's personality in negative terms contribute to the child displaying more antisocial behavior years later.

T/F: Children are less affected by shared environmental factors than by nonshared environmental factors.

T/F: One of the three common values among 6- to 11-year old children is to try to communicate to an adult what is happening when a peer does something wrong.

T/F: According to Freud, children between the ages of 6 and 11 experience the crisis of industry versus inferiority.

T/F: Moving to a "better neighborhood" during middle childhood helps children feel protected and stable at home.

T/F: Other children are often sympathetic toward bully-victims.

T/F: Stepparent families tend to be wealthier than single-parent families.

Malik and Anastasia have been married one year and now have a 15-month-old son. Their chances of a successful marriage are better if they ________. A. work separate shifts to co-parent their baby. B. married relatively young. C. decided to marry for the baby's sake. D. do together what they love to keep the relationship strong.

What period is the prime time for moral development? A. early childhood B. late childhood C. middle childhood D. early adulthood

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized because his __________. A. stages do not reflect liberal, Western values. B. theory doesn't emphasize stages strongly enough. C. theory does not take into account cultural differences. D. theory emphasizes Eastern values.

Research indicates that a child who demonstrates positive adaptation in the face of stressors such as poverty and neglect is showing resilience and ________. A. will always show resilience no matter how the child's life changes. B. will only show resilience if the child's current experiences remain the same. C. will only show resilience if the child's current experiences get worse. D. may or may not show resilience in the future.

An expert team of scientists compared 1,000 sets of monozygotic twins reared by their biological parents (Caspi et al., 2004). The researchers asked the mothers to describe each twin. Descriptions ranged from very positive to very negative. The researchers measured personality at age 5 (including antisocial behavior as reported by kindergarten teachers) and then measured each twin's personality two years later. The results revealed _____. A. if mothers were more negative toward one of their twins, that twin became more antisocial at age 7 than at age 5 B. if mothers were less negative toward one of their twins, that twin became more antisocial at age 7 than at age 5 C. if mothers were more negative toward one of their twins, that twin became less antisocial at age 7 than at age 5 D. that there was no relation between maternal negativity and child antisocial behavior.

Alvin was a bully for years during elementary school. Now that he is an adult, he is more likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT _____. A. more bullying B. a mental illness C. a young death D. run-ins with the law

Repeated, systematic attacks on those who are unable to defend themselves is the definition of _____. A. aggression B. harm C. arrogance D. bullying

Susan decides not to tell the teacher that her classmate Ian is cheating on the math exam because she is afraid the other kids will call her a snitch. This is an example of Kohlberg's _____ stage of moral development. A. conventional B. preconventional C. premoral D. postconventional

Girls who bully typically ________. A. use threats of force B. use words to attack C. are larger than average in size D. have older sisters who are aggressive

Since Carter's mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected, but he has a supportive group of friends. Despite his circumstances, he maintains a positive outlook. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude? A. low intelligence B. his circle of friends C. low problem-solving ability D. a high cortisol level

Restitution as a punishment for a transgression involves _________. A. hurting the transgressor B. praising the transgressor C. restoring what was lost D. defining what was lost

Barbara is in the third grade. She spends many hours rehearsing her math skills, reading books, and collecting bugs. According to Erikson, Barbara is developing a healthy sense of _____ through these tasks. A. industry B. self-control C. autonomy D. egocentrism

A family that consists of one man, several wives, and the biological children of the man and women is a(n) _____. A. blended family B. adoptive family C. extended family D. polygamous family

According to Erikson, if 9-year-old Anna is successful in solving her psychosocial conflict, she should be developing a(n) _____ view of herself. A. emotionally mature B. industrious C. inept D. latent

Liza is asked whether a person should steal food if they are starving. Liza says no, the person should ask for help and someone would offer food. Liza's answer is BEST explained by _____. A. Kohlberg B. Freud C. Piaget D. Bowlby

T/F: Jimmy, who is 8-years-old, is more likely at this age to want to play with Sara than with another boy his age.

T/F: Family conflict harms children only when adults fight about child rearing.

T/F: The preconventional level of Kohlberg's theory of moral development is characterized by seeking pleasure and avoiding pain.

T/F: Relational aggression includes hitting and shoving other children.

T/F: Neglected children are ignored.

T/F: During middle childhood, children's moral reasoning is usually at the third level of Kohlberg's theory.

T/F: Keeping secrets is part of the culture of children.

T/F: Family income and conflict can interfere with family function in every structure, ethnic group, and nation.

T/F: Kohlberg based his theory of moral development on the work of Erikson.

T/F: Families do not need to provide opportunities for the development of peer relationships; it is best if those develop on their own, without any assistance from the family.

More than people of any other age, children between the ages of 6 and 11 are __________. A. more in need of punishment B. trying to stand out from their peers C. using electronic media with adult supervision D. industrious, practicing the skills valued by their culture.

About _______ of school-age children live in a two-parent family. A. one-half B. one-third C. two-thirds D. three-quarters

Conventional morality involves _________. A. the careful consideration of all options B. following what parents, teachers, and peers do C. seeking pleasure and avoiding pain D. trying to take care of one's own needs

One important factor with respect to children coping with adversity is a child's _____. A. interpretation of the events B. age C. gender D. cooperation with others

According to Erikson's theory, children in middle childhood tend to judge themselves as either _____. A. suppressed or superior B. industrious or inferior C. competent or awkward D. intelligent or stupid

Lawrence Kohlberg built on the theories of _____ in his description of the stages of moral development. A. Sigmund Freud B. Jean Piaget C. Erik Erikson D. Carol Gilligan

Carla is usually good because she is afraid that she will be punished if she isn't. Carla is at which level of Kohlberg's view of moral development? A. conventional B. preconventional C. premoral D. postconventional

According to Freud, what will 8-year-old Sven experience? A. no sexual conflict B. unconscious sexual conflicts C. increased emotional drives D. a new interest in girls

Which family function is especially crucial in middle childhood? A. harmony and stability B. physical necessities C. peer relationships D. self-respect

Who described middle childhood as a time of latency? A. Freud B. Erikson C. Piaget D. Vygotsky

Nine-year-old Alisha announces to her mother, "I am smart, nice, and friendly and I am so good at painting that one day I am going to sell lots of pictures." Alisha is demonstrating _____. A. industry B. egocentrism C. latency D. self-concept

What is a hallmark of close friendships during middle childhood? A. opposite sex B. different ethnicity C. same age D. different SES

Jordan is asked to list all of the people in his family. He is being asked to report his _____. A. family structure B. family harmony C. family function D. family resilience

Compared with nuclear families, extended families typically _________. A. are more chaotic B. include grandparents C. feature less structure D. are better for children

T/F: Environmental influences from different teachers and peer groups reflect one's nonshared influences.

T/F: Resilience to stress is a stable or static trait describing a child's responses under adverse situations.

T/F: In middle childhood being accepted by the entire group is more important than having a close friend.

T/F: Accumulated stresses over time, including minor ones, are more devastating than an isolated major stress.

T/F: Adoptive families typically do not function well for children.

T/F: According to Erikson, children between the ages of 6 and 11 experience the crisis of industry versus inferiority.

T/F: Cyberbullying is not as detrimental as other kinds of bullying because it does not involve face-to-face contact and can easily be ignored.

Ten-year-old India caught Lyndsey, her best friend, lying to her own mom. India will probably _____. A. tell Lyndsey's mother about the lie B. keep quiet about it C. no longer be friends with Lyndsey D. tell her own mother about the lie

When children act as parents and try to take care of everyone, it is called _________. A. resilience B. parentification C. emerging adulthood D. an extended family

Since schoolchildren judge their own talents and limitations more realistically than preschoolers, _____. A. they should decide which reading and math groups they wish to join B. their self-esteem may suffer as they compare themselves with others C. following a failure, they are less pessimistic about future failure D. they are less likely to concede that they're not good at something

According to the text, what method has been effective in stopping bullying in schools? A. focusing on children in higher grades B. focusing on children in lower grades C. instituting a zero-tolerance policy D. using a whole-school strategy

Alan is an adopted child who lives with three siblings, all biological children of his adoptive parents. Alan's math skills are far better than those of his adoptive parents or his adoptive siblings. This provides evidence that _____. A. shared familial influences play a stronger role than was previously believed B. genes may have a stronger effect than familial environment on talents C. few environmental effects on personality come from outside the family D. Alan's own initiative to excel is greater than that of his adoptive family

When 9-year-old children were asked to choose between retribution and restitution for a punishment _____. A. almost all chose restitution B. almost all chose retribution C. about half chose restitution and half chose retribution D. they were unable to decide

What is Erikson's fourth stage of psychosocial development? A. autonomy versus shame and doubt B. industry versus inferiority C. trust versus mistrust D. integrity versus incompetence

The best example of an aggressive-rejected child is _____. A. Veru, who is disliked because she tells others they are stupid B. Tiffany, who is popular but hated by many children C. Greg, who is ignored by most children D. Maher, who changes friends often

Research shows that a child is most likely to be a victim of bullying if the child is _____. A. withdrawn-rejected B. aggressive-rejected C. "under the radar" D. liked by peers

Mr. Cortez had a good conversation about the fairness of restitution and retribution with 9-year old Sherrod. The next day, Sherrod still thought retribution was most fair. Scientific study shows us that this MOST likely means that talking about moral values with children _____. A. is a waste of time B. must be done after age 10 C. will not bring about immediate change D. makes them more stubborn

Marissa and Jessica, sisters born two years apart, grew up in an impoverished, violent neighborhood. As adults, Marissa is chronically jobless and is addicted to drugs while Jessica is a professor of economics at a community college. What might explain their different life outcomes? A. differential sensitivity B. shared environmental influences C. cohort differences D. parental influence

Many parents believe that they mold their children's personalities. However, research has found that _____. A. half of all personality traits may be genetic B. half of all personality traits may be environmental C. genes and the nonshared environment have the most impact on personality D. temperament defines personality