Chapter 13

Which of the following is MOST characteristic of adequate breathing?

When administering supplemental oxygen to a hypoxemic patient with a chronic lung disease, you should:

Which of the following statements regarding severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is correct?

The respiratory distress that accompanies emphysema is caused by:

Which of the following statements regarding anaphylaxis is correct?

A 59-year-old male with a history of emphysema complains of an acute worsening of his dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain following a forceful cough. Your assessment reveals that he has a barrel-shaped chest, unilaterally diminished breath sounds, and tachycardia. What is the MOST likely cause of this patient's condition?

You are dispatched to a residence for a 67-year-old female who was awakened by shortness of breath and sharp chest pain. Her husband tells you that she was recently discharged from the hospital after having hip surgery. Your assessment reveals dried blood around her mouth, facial cyanosis, and an oxygen saturation of 88%. This patient's presentation is MOST consistent with:

Common signs and symptoms of acute hyperventilation syndrome include:

You receive a call for a 70-year-old female with respiratory distress. Her husband tells you that she has congestive heart failure; however, he does not think that she has been taking her medications as prescribed. The patient is laboring to breathe, appears tired, and has cyanosis around her lips. You should:

Which of the following statements regarding pulse oximetry is correct?

"PASTE" is an alternate assessment tool for ___________.

A 30-year-old man presents with acute shortness of breath, widespread hives, and facial swelling. He denies any past medical history and takes no medications. During your assessment, you hear wheezing over all lung fields. His blood pressure is 90/50 mm Hg and his heart rate is 110 beats/min. In addition to giving him 100% oxygen, the MOST important treatment for this patient is:

A 60-year-old man presents with acute respiratory distress. He is conscious and alert, has pink, dry skin, and has respirations of 24 breaths/min with adequate depth. Which of the following treatment modalities is MOST appropriate for this patient?

A 62-year-old man with a history of congestive heart failure presents with severe respiratory distress and an oxygen saturation of 82%. When you auscultate his lungs, you hear widespread rales. He is conscious and alert, is able to follow simple commands, and can only speak in two- to three-word sentences at a time. You should:

A conscious and alert 29-year-old woman with a history of asthma complains of difficulty breathing that began after her morning jog. The temperature outside is 40°F (5°C). On examination, you hear bilateral expiratory wheezing. After providing 100% oxygen, you should:

A pleural effusion is MOST accurately defined as:

Acute pulmonary edema would MOST likely develop as the result of:

Alkalosis is a condition that occurs when:

At the onset of an acute asthma attack, patients commonly experience difficulty breathing and:

Hyperventilation could be associated with all of the following, EXCEPT:

In order for efficient pulmonary gas exchange to occur:

In what area of the lungs does respiration occur?

Rales are caused by _________.

The respiratory distress that accompanies emphysema is caused by:

When administering supplemental oxygen to a hypoxemic patient with chronic lung disease, you should:

When auscultating the lungs of a patient with respiratory distress, you hear adventitious sounds. This means that the patient has:

When the level of arterial carbon dioxide rises above normal:

Which of the following conditions would LEAST likely result in hypoxia?

Which of the following is a genetic disorder that predisposes the patient to repeated lung infections?

Which of the following is true about a patient experiencing a prolonged tonic/clonic (grand mal) seizure?

Which of the following must be assessed in every respiratory patient?

While auscultating an elderly woman's breath sounds, you hear low-pitched "rattling" sounds at the bases of both of her lungs. This finding is MOST consistent with which of the following conditions?

You are assisting an asthma patient with his prescribed metered-dose inhaler. After the patient takes a deep breath and depresses the inhaler, you should:

You are dispatched to an apartment complex where a 21-year-old woman has apparently overdosed on several narcotic medications. She is semiconscious and has slow, shallow respirations. You should:

Your patient has a chronic respiratory condition. His stimulus to breathe is triggered by low oxygen levels in the blood. This is known as the ___________.

an inflammation/infection of the lung from a bacterial, viral or fungal cause

a blood clot that breaks off a large vein and travels to the blood vessels of the lung, causing obstruction of blood flow

A backup system to control respiration; senses drop in the oxygen level in the blood

an inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory system that cause a partial airway obstruction and is characterized by a barking cough; usually seen in children

the process of delivery oxygen to the blood by diffusion from the alveoli following inhalation into the lungs

a crackling, rattling breath sound that signals fluid in the air spaces of the lungs; also called crackles

a substance that causes an allergic reaction

a collection of fluid between the lung and chest wall that may compress the lung

an allergic response usually to door airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites or pet dander; also called allergic rhinitis.

rapid or deep breathing that lowers the blood carbon dioxide level below normal

a buildup of fluid in the lungs, usually as a result of congestive heart failure

inflammation of the lung

a respiratory device that holds liquid medicine that is turned into a fine mist. The patient inhales the medication into the airways and lungs as a treatment for conditions like asthma

a virus that causes an infection of the lungs and breathing passages; can lead to other serious illnesses that affect the lungs or heart, such as broncholitis and pneumonia. It is highly contagious and spread through droplets

a disease of the lungs in which there is extreme dilation and eventual destruction of the pulmonary alveoli with poor exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide; it is one form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

this syndrome occurs in the absence of other physical problems. the respirations of a person who is experiencing hyperventilation syndrome may be as high as a 40 shallow breaths/min or as low as only 20 very deep breaths/min

a pathologic condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the body

an infectious disease in which a membrane forms, lining the pharynx, this lining can severely obstruct the passage of air into the larynx

an extreme, life threatening systemic allergic reaction that may include shock and respiratory failure

normal breath sounds made by air moving through the bronchi

the production of whistling sounds during expiration such as occurs in asthma and bronchiolitis

A virus that has crossed the animal/human barrier and has infected humans, recently reaching a pandemic level with the H1N1 strain

inflammation of the bronchioles that usually occurs in children younger than 2 years and is often caused by the respiratory syncytial virus

collapse of the alveolar air spaces of the lungs

a bacterium that causes infections in different parts of the body and is often resistant to commonly used antibiotics; can be found on the skin, in surgical wounds, in the bloodstream, lungs, and urinary tract

normal breath sounds made by air moving in and out of the alveoli

an odorless, highly poisonous gas that results from incomplete oxidation of carbon in combustion

a disease in which the epiglottis becomes inflamed and enlarged and may cause an upper airway obstruction

a slow process of dilation and disruption of the airways and alveoli caused by chronic bronchial obstruction

A partial or complete accumulation of air in the pleural space

a chronic bacterial disease, caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis , that usually affects the lungs that can also affect other organs such as the brain and kidneys

shortness of breath or difficulty breathing

an airborne bacterial infection that affects mostly children younger than 6 yrs. Patients will be feverish and exhibit a "whoop" sound on inspiration after a coughing attack; highly contagious through droplet infection

sharp, stabbing pain in the chest that is worsened by a deep breath or other chest wall movement; often caused by inflammation or irritation of the pleura

a viral infection usually associated with swollen nasal mucous membranes and the production of fluid from the sinuses and nose

a condition characterized by a chronically high blood level of carbon dioxide in which the respiratory center no longer responds to high blood levels of carbon dioxide

an inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal chord; can be highly contagious

a blood clot or other substance in the circulatory system that travels to a blood vessel where it causes a blockage

coarse, low pitched breath sounds heard in patients with chronic mucus in the upper airways

the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide

an acute or chronic inflammation of the lung that may damage lung-tissue ; usually associated with cough and production of sputum and depending on its cause, sometimes fever

a dangerous condition in which the body tissues and cells do not have enough oxygen

occurs when new cases of a disease occur in a human population and substantially exceed what is unexpected, based on recent experience

irritation of the major lung passageways from infectious disease or irritants such as smoke

a high pitched noise heard primarily on inspiration

a miniature spray canister used to direct medications through the mouth and into the lungs

an outbreak that occurs on a global scale

an acute spasm of the smaller air passages called bronchioles, associated with excessive mucous lining of the respiratory passages

potentially life-threatening viral infection that usually starts with flulike symptoms

The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body fluids

abnormal breath sounds such as wheezes, rhonchi, and rales

consists of the structures of the body that contribute to the breathing process

consists of all anatomic airway structures above the level of the vocal chords ( nose, mouth, jaw, oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx)

larger airways

smaller airways

microscopic , thin-walled air sacs where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs

constantly sense the level of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood

conditions under which body processes are not working as they should and as a result, interfere with normal respiration

patients with chronic lung diseases frequently have a chronically high level of ______ in the blood

troublesome cause of breathlessness because the heart is not pumping efficiently and therefore the body does not have adequate oxygen

alveoli filled with fluid, another condition associated with congestive heart failure

obstruction either to the flow of air in the major passages

the exchange of gases between the alveoli and capillaries

may be a result of direct lung and airway damage from repeated infections or inhalation of toxic agents such as industrial gases and particles, but most often it results from cigarette smoking

when the lungs are constantly obstructed or when the :balloons" elasticity is diminished, air is no longer expelled rapidly and the walls of the alveoli eventually fall apart, leaving large "holes" in the lung that resemble a large air pocket or cavity

bronchi also becomes constricted which produces wheezing

an acute spasm of the smaller air passages called bronchioles, associated with excessive, mucus production and swelling of the mucous lining of the respiratory passages

may be caused by an allergic response to specific foods or some other allergen

causes coldlike symptoms, caused by an allergic response, usually to outdoor airborne allergens such as pollen or sometimes indoor allergens such as dust mites and pet dander

severe allergi reaction characterized by airway swelling and dilation of blood vessels all over the body, occur within 30 min

caused by disruption in electrical activity in the brain

is one in which the patient has a sudden loss of consciousness, tonic clonic movement of the body and often incontinence,

patient continues to have seizures every few minutes without regaining consciousness and or the seizure last longer than 30 min

___ to ___ min the patient will have some impairment in his or her ability to breathe and or will bite the tongue

life threatening situation that needs immediate intervention and aggressive airway management

the severity of cyanosis and dyspnea is directly related to the size of the ______ and the amount of tissues affected

the respirations of an individual who is experiencing hyperventilation syndrome may be as high as ___ shallow breaths/min and or as low as ___ very deep breaths/min

is produced by household appliances such as gas water heaters, space heaters , grills and generators and is even present in cigarette smoke

inactive

patients with active TB will report :

high pitched crackles called

low pitched crackles

you should describe a stronger than normal pulse as:

you should describe a pulse that is weak and difficult to feel as :

in a child 1 yr old or younger palpate =

sounds heard by auscultation of abnormal lungs, these sounds include wheezing, rales, rhonchi, gurgling, snoring, crackling and stridor

any sign or symptom that commonly accompanies a particular condition, but is absent

PASTE mnemonic

abnormal enlargement of the ends of the fingers

legs and feet swollen

rales, rhonhi, crackles

wheezes

is a late sign and can be first seen in the lips and mucous membranes

responsive patients breathing more than 30 breaths/min or fewer than 8 breaths.min should receive :

generic name for proventil and ventolin is :

immediately effective medication

have not immediate effect

suction in adults

suction in children

suction in infants