Chapter 12 – Quiz

13 April 2023
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1. Exercise does all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) reduce blood pressure B) strengthen the heart and lungs C) make depression less likely D) make serious illness more likely
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d
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**2. What global trend is evident with regard to alcohol? A) Affluent nations have more abstainers and abusers than low-income nations. B) Affluent nations have more heavy drinkers than low-income nations. C) Low-income nations have more abstainers and abusers than affluent nations. D) Low-income nations have more moderate drinkers than affluent nations.
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c
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**3. Currently in the United States, _____ of adults are overweight. A) one-third B) one-half C) two-thirds D) three-quarters
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c
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**4. Tia has a BMI of 40. She would be classified as _____. A) underweight B) overweight C) obese D) morbidly obese
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d
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**5. The process of changing a habit is long and multi-stepped. What is the first step in this process? A) awareness B) denial C) maintenance D) planning
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b
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6. What is one crucial factor for success at the implementation stage of breaking a habit? A) social support B) trying to tackle more than one habit at a time C) breaking the habit on one's own D) not telling anyone of the date or the plan for change
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a
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7. According to the text, factors that protect health include _____. A) money, education, and intelligence B) money and attitudes C) attitudes and education D) attitudes and expectations
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a
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8. Infertility is often defined as being unable to conceive after _____ months of trying to get pregnant. A) 3 B) 6 C) 9 D) 12
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d
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**9. In vitro fertilization (IVF), an assisted reproductive technology (ART), has resulted in an estimated _____ million births. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20
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a
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10. Sylvia is 50 years old and is experiencing vaginal dryness, hot flashes, hot flushes, and cold sweats. She is most likely entering _____. A) menopause B) andropause C) depression D) IVF
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a
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11. The term andropause, or male menopause, is sometimes used to refer to _____. A) the sudden loss in fertility in a middle-aged man B) the sudden drop in testosterone that generally occurs at about age 50 C) the age-related reduction in testosterone D) impotence as a reaction to a wife's menopause
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c
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**12. In an aging brain _____. A) neurons fire faster B) reaction time lengthens C) brain size increases D) multitasking becomes easier
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b
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**13. Intellectual decline prior to age 60 is typically pathological and caused by any of the following EXCEPT _____. A) poor circulation B) drug abuse C) viruses D) environment
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d
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14. Which individual is most at risk for significant brain loss by age 65? A) Kevin, who jogs 3 miles five days a week B) Hank, who drinks five beers per day C) Oswald, who has normal blood pressure D) Jerome, who watches three hours of TV a day
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b
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15. The Flynn effect is MOST likely due to the result of changes in _____. A) test-taking strategies B) electronic media C) people's reaction time D) education and nutrition
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d
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16. Ike, who is in good health, scores lower on an intelligence test than his grandson Cade. This could be for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____. A) Ike and Cade having different educational experiences B) Ike and Cade having different health issues C) Ike and Cade having different health care experiences D) Ike is losing intellectual power as he ages
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d
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**17. Bruce is a participant in a research study. He needs to decide how Figure A relates to Figure B. Bruce will need to use _____ to solve this problem. A) creative intelligence B) practical intelligence C) fluid intelligence D) crystallized intelligence
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c
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18. Intelligence that reflects accumulated learning is referred to as _____. A) creative intelligence B) practical intelligence C) fluid intelligence D) crystallized intelligence
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d
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19. Which type of intelligence is usually MOST valued in college? A) creative B) practical C) behavioral D) analytic
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d
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20. Earl Hunt, a psychologist who studies intelligence, has proposed that nations with the most advanced economies and greatest national wealth are those that make best use of cognitive _____, that is, ways to amplify and extend general cognitive ability. A) modifiers B) tools C) artifacts D) optimizers
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c
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21. Janyce, a 50-year-old woman, has several stressors in her life, so she turns to her friends to help her deal with the pressure. Which statement BEST explains the physiological phenomenon associated with her method of coping? A) She is reacting in a "fight-or-flight" manner, experiencing a rise and then fall in testosterone levels. B) She is suppressing justifiable feelings, and thus may be at greater risk for an early death. C) She is arranging her life to minimize stressors, and thus is experiencing reduced stress. D) Her body is producing oxytocin, a hormone that encourages caring interactions.
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d
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22. The gradual accumulation of stressors over a long period of time, wearing down the resilience and resistance of a person, is referred to as _____. A) weathering B) wasting C) coping D) processing
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a
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23. Which individual is MOST likely to have a lower IQ as a consequence of weathering? A) a 4-year-old European American B) a 4-year-old African American C) a 40-year-old European American D) a 40-year-old African American
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d
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24. To solve a problem in his or her special area, the expert is more likely than the novice to _____. A) rely on past experiences B) give conscious attention to all aspects of the problem C) rely on formal procedures D) verbalize exactly how he or she achieves results
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a
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**25. Research on taxi drivers in London indicates that drivers with more experience _____. A) developed higher IQs through their work B) had a brain that adjusted to the need for a particular kind of knowledge C) became less effective over time as they tuned out details D) had slower processing skills than younger drivers
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b
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**26. Diet has an effect on how quickly skin wrinkles; fat slows down wrinkling. A) True B) False
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true
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27. Sexual arousal and orgasm both take longer and occur more slowly with age. A) True B) False
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true
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28. Improved sexuality with age may be a cohort change, not a physiological one. A) True B) False
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true
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29. Infertility is often defined as being unable to conceive after trying for at least one year. A) True B) False
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true
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30. Children born via IVF, regardless of birthweight, tend to develop slower than other children in terms of health, intelligence, and school achievement. A) True B) False
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false
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31. Significant brain losses prior to age 60 are typical. A) True B) False
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false
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32. Cross-sectional studies of IQ show an increase in adult intelligence. A) True B) False
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true
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33. Cohort differences are among the factors that account for age-related variation in adult intelligence. A) True B) False
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true
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34. Cognitive artifacts are intellectual tools, such as writing, invented by one generation and then passed down from generation to generation to foster learning within societies. A) True B) False
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true
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35. Expert thinking is intuitive, automatic, strategic, and flexible. A) True B) False
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true
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**36. Most people lose about _____ inch(es) of height by age 65 due to shrinking of the spine.
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one
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37. _____ and high SES produce a longer life span and better health for people in every nation.
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education
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38. Pelvic inflammatory disease creates scar tissue that may block the fallopian tubes, preventing sperm from reaching an ovum. This may cause _____ in women.
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infertility
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39. The procedure in which several ova are surgically removed from the ovary and combined with sperm in a lab dish, and then one or more of the resulting blastocysts are inserted into a woman's uterus is called _____.
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IVF
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40. Efforts to find specific genes or abilities that comprise what Spearman called _____ have not succeeded.
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g (general intelligence)
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**41. The first cross-sequential study of adult intelligence, which began in 1956 and has been repeated every seven years, is called the _____.
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Seattle Longitudinal Study
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42. According to Sternberg, _____ intelligence involves the capacity to be intellectually flexible and innovative.
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creative
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**43. Females, who may be emotion-focused, are likely to "_____"โ€”that is, to seek the company of other people when they are under pressure.
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tend to befriend
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44. _____ thought is automatic; that is, the complex action and thought required by most people has become routine.
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expert
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**45. The relationship between age and expertise is not straightforward; much depends on the task. The young have an advantage when speed is needed, but they are less adept at _____.
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vocabulary
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**46. Your friend spends hours just sitting watching TV. His doctor tells him that he must change this habit and become physically active to maintain his health. Drawing on the information in the text, describe the five steps in order that he would likely move through in breaking this habit and thus improving his health.
answer
The five steps in breaking his sedentary habit include 1. Denial: Initially, your friend may be in denial that there is a problem until something brings the issue into his awareness. 2. Awareness: Your friend needs to accept that he has a problem and decide to increase his physical activity to improve his health. 3. Planning: Your friend then must make a specific plan of action to address the issue of his inactivity. In this case, it may include setting times to work out with a friend or signing up for an exercise class. He must also plan to overcome obstacles. To do this, he might buy an exercise ball to place at his desk (to overcome long periods of sitting) or park his car farther from his office to increase walking time at the beginning and end of the day. 4. Implementation: Your friend must act on his plans. 5. Maintenance: He must then continue to remain active, making plans for physical activity and resisting obstacles every day for the rest of his life.
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**47. Discuss possible causes of infertility and three treatments for infertile couples.
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Age is a factor in fertility in both sexes. A possible cause of infertility in men is low sperm count, which may result from anything that impairs body functioning, such as pollution, stress, fever, radiation, drugs, time in a sauna, alcohol consumption, smoking cigarettes, and environmental toxins. As with men, women's fertility is affected by anything that impairs physical functioning, including disease, smoking, extreme dieting, and obesity. Another cause in women is pelvic inflammatory disease. Possible treatments for infertility include undergoing surgery to repair the male or female reproductive system and using assisted reproductive technology (such as in vitro fertilization).
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**48. What has cross-sectional research determined about IQ? What has longitudinal research determined about IQ? Why is there a difference in the results?
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Cross-sectional studies find that younger adults outscore older adults on IQ tests. Yet longitudinal studies find that most mental abilities improve during adulthood. The different results are caused by cohort effects. Each cohort has unique life experiences that influence intellectual development. In particular, more education and better health and communication may explain why younger generations score higher than older generations on intelligence tests.
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**49. Define fluid and crystallized intelligence. Indicate what happens to fluid and crystallized intelligence as people age and how each relates to overall IQ scores.
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Fluid intelligence is the type of basic intelligence that makes new learning of all sorts quick and thorough and includes abilities such as short-term memory, abstract thought, and speed of thinking. Crystallized intelligence reflects accumulated learning, such as vocabulary and general information. Scores on items measuring fluid intelligence decrease with age, whereas scores on items measuring crystallized intelligence increase. A person's IQ, which is composed of scores from fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence subtests, is fairly steady from ages 30 to 70. Although brain slowdown begins early in adulthood, it is rarely apparent until massive declines in fluid intelligence affect crystallized intelligence, causing overall IQ scores to drop.
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**50. Define problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping. Indicate which gender is most likely to use which form of coping.
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Problem-focused coping is a strategy in which a person directly tackles a stressful situation. Emotion-focused coping is a strategy to deal with stress by changing your feelings about the stressor rather than changing the stressor itself. Men are more likely to use problem-focused coping, whereas women are more likely to use emotion-focused coping.