Chapter 12

7 October 2022
4.7 (114 reviews)
69 test answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers (65)
question
______ is defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior. A. Stimulus B. Productivity C. Enticement D. Motivation E. Incented action
answer
Motivation (D)
question
A simple model of motivation does not include which of the following? A. Unfulfilled need B. Behaviors C. Reactions D. Motivation E. Rewards
answer
Reactions (C)
question
Craig's sales manager has just told the group that all sales in the month of September will earn an extra 5% commission. The team gets right to work, being motivated by a(n) A. intrinsic reward. B. physiological need. C. high need for power. D. extrinsic reward. E. hygiene factor
answer
extrinsic reward (D)
question
Arianna's management professor just told her class that the final exam is optional for students like her who currently have an A. She decides to take the exam anyway, since she likes the subject and wants to master the material. Here, Arianna is motivated to take the exam by a(n) A. intrinsic reward. B. physiological need. C. high need for power. D. extrinsic reward. E. hygiene factor
answer
intrinsic reward (A)
question
Which of the following is a need-based perspective on motivation? A. Expectancy theory B. Herzberg's two-factor theory C. Job characteristics model D. Goal-setting theory E. Equity theory
answer
Herzberg's two-factor theory (B)
question
Maslow's levels of needs, in order from lowest (most basic) to highest level, are A. self-actualization, esteem, love, safety, and physiological. B. safety, love, esteem, self-actualization, and physiological. C. physiological, safety, self-actualization, esteem, and love. D. physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. E. safety, physiological, esteem, love, and self-actualization.
answer
physiological, safety, love, esteem and self- actualization (D)
question
The need for status, reputation, and recognition are part of A. self-actualization. B. esteem. C. love. D. safety. E. physiological
answer
esteem (B)
question
After a series of bus accidents, one of which resulted in a critical injury to a driver, Inland Shuttle drivers received additional training and buses were retrofitted with new braking systems. This helps to satisfy which of Maslow's needs? A. Self-actualization B. Esteem C. Love D. Safety E. Physiological
answer
Safety (D)
question
An accounting firm provides employees with educational reimbursements if they complete job-related coursework with a B or better, which helps them meet which of Maslow's levels of needs? A. Self-actualization B. Esteem C. Love D. Safety E. Physiological
answer
Self-actualization (A)
question
For managers, the importance of Maslow's contribution is that he showed that workers A. are only interested in compensation that helps them fulfill physiological needs. B. are as complex as their organization. C. have needs that cannot be understood by their employer. D. expect an employer to fulfill every level of their hierarchy of needs. E. have needs beyond that of just earning a paycheck
answer
have needs beyond that of earning a paycheck (E)
question
Which of the following is a need in Alderfer's ERG theory? A. Esteem B. Existence C. Realization D. Rating E. Generalization
answer
Existence (B)
question
______ assumes that three basic needs influence behavior and that they may be activated concurrently. A. Maslow's theory B. Expectancy theory C. Alderfer's ERG theory D. Hertzberg's theory E. Equity theory
answer
Alderfer's ERG theory (C)
question
according to the acquired needs theory, the desire to influence others is part of the need for A. affiliation. B. power. C. self-actualization. D. relatedness. E. achievement
answer
power (B)
question
Anne has excelled as a consultant for a large financial institution. She loves building mutually beneficial relationships and is extremely well liked by her clients. Anne likely has a A. low need for affiliation. B. low need for power. C. low need for achievement. D. high need for affiliation. E. high need for achievement
answer
high need for affiliation (D)
question
Even when he started his first job, Galen was not content to be just one of the employees. His boss noticed that he often coached his coworkers about ways to improve their work, even when it wasn't his job. Galen probably has a A. high need for achievement. B. high need for affiliation. C. high need for power. D. low need for achievement. E. high need for leadership
answer
high need for power (C)
question
Janet is very aggressive at her job, and her coworkers complain that she often manipulates them and her boss in order to get ahead. She attempts to direct everything and everyone, regardless of the consequences to others or even the organization itself. Janet is expressing what type of need for power? A. Personal B. Destructive C. Legitimate D. Organizational E. Compensatory
answer
Personal (A)
question
McClelland's need for achievement corresponds most closely to A. Herzberg's hygiene factors. B. Maslow's esteem needs. C. extrinsic rewards. D. Alderfer's relatedness needs. E. Maslow's self-actualization needs
answer
Maslow's self-actualization needs (E)
question
According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a motivating factor? A. Pay B. The work itself C. Working conditions D. Company policy E. Supervisors
answer
the work itself (B)
question
According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a hygiene factor? A. Responsibility B. Advancement C. The work itself D. Relationships E. Recognition
answer
Relationships (D)
question
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, in the zone between the motivating factors and the hygiene factors, employees are A. dissatisfied. B. satisfied. C. neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. D. unmotivated. E. stagnant.
answer
neither satisfied or dissatisfied (C)
question
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, only ______ factors can make employees satisfied with their jobs. A. motivating B. self-actualization C. growth D. hygiene E. achievement
answer
motivating (A)
question
Which of the following is a higher-level need based on the four content theory perspectives? A. Esteem B. Existence C. Hygiene D. Physiological E. Safety
answer
esteem (A)
question
Anders is manager for a large freight company. He has noticed low morale lately, perhaps because of the cramped quarters and lack of raises this year among workers on his shift. According to Herzberg, Anders should first concentrate on A. needs for achievement. B. hygiene factors. C. esteem needs. D. motivating factors. E. growth needs
answer
hygiene factors (B)
question
According to Herzberg's theory, the first thing managers of employees who dislike their jobs should do is to A. provide opportunities for achievement. B. publicly recognize good performance. C. make sure pay levels, policies, and working conditions are reasonable. D. create opportunities for personal growth and advancement. E. increase employees' responsibility and opportunity for leadership
answer
make sure pay levels, policies, and working conditions are reasonable (C)
question
Theories that try to understand the thought processes by which people decide how to act are called A. needs-based perspectives. B. reinforcement perspectives. C. job design perspectives. D. cognitive perspectives. E. process perspectives.
answer
process perspectives (E)
question
Which of the following is a process perspective on motivation? A. Goal-setting theory B. Job characteristics model C. Two-factor theory D. ERG theory E. Acquired needs theory
answer
Goal-setting theory (A)
question
In equity theory, employees are motivated to A. work harder when they have more freedom. B. resolve feelings of injustice. C. correct themselves when they aren't working hard enough. D. blame others when they miss work or fail at tasks. E. work just hard enough to get what they want.
answer
resolve feelings of injustice (B)
question
When workers perceive they are being treated fairly on the job, they are most likely to A. pass up promotional opportunities. B. show improved safety practices. C. be a whistleblower. D. support organizational change. E. seek additional education
answer
support organizational change (D)
question
Brady went to his boss Lynn to complain that he got the same bonus this quarter as everyone else, despite the longer hours he's been putting in and his higher level of experience and efficiency. If Lynn can't change the bonuses, she should A. tell Brady "That's just the way bonuses are given." B. suggest that Brady take this up with her boss. C. expect that Brady will reduce his hours. D. start documenting Brady's complaints for future disciplinary action. E. expect that Brady's performance will improve
answer
expect that Brady will reduce his hours (C)
question
The theory under which people make the choice that promises them the greatest reward if they think they cangetitis A. goal-setting theory. B. expectancy theory. C. reinforcement theory. D. equity theory. E. two-factor theory
answer
expectancy theory (B)
question
After struggling with the training, Sachin is unsure whether he can complete the end-of-year financial reporting with minimal errors in the time allotted at his new job. In this case, Sachin is low on the ______ element of expectancy theory. A. valence B. expectancy C. outcomes D. instrumentality E. performance
answer
expectancy (B)
question
______ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome. A. Expectancy B. Reinforcement C. Valence D. Instrumentality E. Effort
answer
Instrumentality (D)
question
At his review last year, Ryan was promised a big raise if he met his production goals. Raises were included in today's paychecks, and despite that Ryan has met all of his goals, he only received a cost-of- living raise. In the future, Ryan's ______ will probably be A. instrumentality; low. B. valence; low. C. expectancy; low. D. instrumentality; high. E. expectancy; high.
answer
instrumentality; low (A)
question
Chad was interviewing for jobs, and the HR manager at one firm told him that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single man, this benefit did not seem especially important to him right now. Here, Chad is low on the ______ element of the expectancy theory. A. valence B. instrumentality C. outcomes D. expectancy E. significance
answer
valence (A)
question
When using goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers should A. set targets that are just out of employees' reach. B. help workers understand and accept the goals. C. set general goals that are emotionally appealing. D. hold employees responsible for getting their own feedback. E. set goals that are easily achievable
answer
help workers understand and accept the goals (B)
question
A goal that states "Attend work at least 80% of the time this quarter" has which of the following problems? A. It is not specific enough. B. It is not measurable. C. It does not have a target date. D. It is not challenging enough. E. It is not achievable
answer
It is not challenging enough (D)
question
According to goal-setting theory, which of the following is necessary for goals to create high motivation and performance? A. Setting general goals that will work for multiple employees. B. Predetermining acceptable rewards for meeting goals. C. Setting goals that fulfill self-actualization needs. D. Reinforcing of desired behaviors. E. Setting goals linked to an action plan
answer
Setting goals linked to an action plan (E)
question
Which of the following is the best statement of a goal? A. Give your very best effort. B. Get through most of those reports by 9/1. C. Reduce production errors by 10 percent by the end of the quarter. D. Increase customer retention. E. Be late to work less often
answer
Reduce production errors by 10 percent by the end of the quarter (C)
question
_____ involves division of an organization's work and applies motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance. A. Job enlargement B. Job design C. Job simplification D. Job development E. Job enrichment
answer
Job design (B)
question
The process of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation is called A. job enlargement. B. job design. C. job development. D. job rotation. E. job enrichment.
answer
Job enlargement (A)
question
Research shows that simplified jobs lead to A. job satisfaction. B. poor mental health. C. a sense of accomplishment. D. a sense of personal growth. E. decreased worker productivity.
answer
poor mental health (B)
question
Job ______ is the opposite of job A. rotation; enrichment. B. rotation; enlargement. C. loading; enrichment. D. simplification; enrichment. E. simplification; enlargement.
answer
simplification; enlargement (E)
question
The process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition and achievement is called A. MBO. B. job design. C. job enrichment. D. job enlargement. E. horizontal loading.
answer
job enrichment (C)
question
Gwen's job as an accounting assistant was recently modified to include reconciling of bank accounts and delivering checks to the bank, two tasks previously done by the accounting manager. This increase in responsibility would best be described as A. job development. B. job enlargement. C. job satisficing. D. job design. E. vertical loading.
answer
vertical loading
question
Of the following, which is a core job characteristic? A. Meaningfulness B. Skill specificity C. Task significance D. Teamwork E. Task variety
answer
Task significance (C)
question
According to the job characteristics model, the core job characteristics of skill variety, task identity, and task significance combine to affect A. knowledge of results. B. meaningfulness of work. C. autonomy of work. D. responsibility for results. E. feedback from others.
answer
meaningfulness of work (B)
question
The extent to which a job allows an employee to make decisions about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them is called A. horizontal loading. B. skill variety. C. task identity. D. task significance. E. autonomy.
answer
autonomy (E)
question
Vanessa runs a flower shop. She recently made some changes so that one employee answers phones and does paperwork, while another creates arrangements, and a third packages and delivers the arrangements. Previously, each employee was responsible for the order from the phone call through the delivery. Vanessa's job redesign has A. increased task identity. B. decreased task identity. C. increased task significance. D. decreased task significance. E. decreased autonomy.
answer
decreased task identity (B)
question
As a maintenance person for the Air Force, Craig services aircraft engines, which protects the lives and safety of military personnel and their ability to conduct missions. Craig's job has a high level of A. autonomy. B. task identity. C. skill variety. D. task significance. E. context satisfactions.
answer
task significance (D)
question
Which of the following is a contingency factor in the job characteristics model? A. Autonomy B. Knowledge of actual results C. High work satisfaction D. Desire for personal growth E. Feedback
answer
Desire for personal growth (D)
question
The motivating potential score is calculated as part of using A. reinforcement theory. B. McClelland's acquired needs theory. C. the job characteristics model. D. goal-setting theory. E. equity theory.
answer
the job characteristics model (C)
question
The theory that attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated while behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated, is called A. reinforcement theory. B. equity theory. C. expectancy theory. D. acquired needs theory. E. two-factor theory
answer
reinforcement theory (A)
question
The use of desirable consequences to strengthen a particular behavior is called A. constructive feedback. B. extinction. C. intrinsic motivation. D. positive reinforcement. E. valence.
answer
positive reinforcement (D)
question
The process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative is called A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. extinction. D. intrinsic motivation. E. punishment.
answer
negative reinforcement (B)
question
Estefan tells one of his staff that he is taking her off of probation since she has corrected her tardiness problem. Estefan is using A. instrumentality. B. negative reinforcement. C. punishment. D. intrinsic motivation. E. positive reinforcement.
answer
negative reinforcement (B)
question
The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is called A. extinction. B. intrinsic motivation. C. punishment. D. instrumentality. E. negative reinforcement.
answer
extinction (A)
question
It has been seven quarters since any employee has received a bonus at R & G Mills, so now the possibility of getting one does not seem to be motivating the workers any longer. In this case, management has inadvertently applied A. expectancy. B. negative reinforcement. C. extinction. D. intrinsic motivation. E. punishment.
answer
extinction (C)
question
Your boss requires you to give up your company car since you have missed your sales goals for three consecutive quarters. She is using A. positive reinforcement. B. negative reinforcement. C. extinction. D. intrinsic motivation. E. punishment.
answer
punishment (E)
question
In using reinforcement, a manager should A. avoid using punishment. B. reward both desired and undesired behavior. C. give all subordinates the same rewards to ensure fairness. D. save rewards for weekly or monthly celebrations. E. clearly communicate the desired behavior.
answer
clearly communicate the desired behavior (E)
question
When using punishment, a manager should A. ignore undesirable behaviors. B. save reprimands until the end of the workday, or preferably before a weekend. C. do it in conjunction with positive reinforcement. D. make sure that other employees witness the punishment. E. punish even minor infractions, to appear consistent.
answer
do it in conjunction with positive reinforcement (C)
question
Which of the following is not an advisable criterion for an effective incentive plan? A. The rewards are believable. B. The rewards are linked to performance. C. The rewards satisfy individual needs. D. The rewards require rarely attainable performance. E. The rewards are agreed on by the manager and employees.
answer
The rewards require require rarely attainable performance (D)
question
A sales commission is an example of a ______ compensation plan. A. pay-for-knowledge B. profit-sharing C. pay-for-performance D. gainsharing E. Scanlon
answer
pay-for-performance (C)
question
Gabe has a summer job hand-dying shirts that will be sold on the boardwalk. He is paid $3.50 per shirt. This is an example of a ______ compensation plan. A. pay-for-performance B. pay-for-knowledge C. bonus D. profit-sharing E. gainsharing
answer
pay-for-performance (A)
question
Mark's employer passes out checks at the end of each quarter, representing an equitable portion of 5% of the company's pretax profits for the previous period. This is known as A. pay for performance. B. pay for knowledge. C. a bonus. D. profit sharing. E. gainsharing.
answer
profit sharing (D)
question
A Scanlon plan is a type of ______ compensation plan. A. pay-for-knowledge B. gainsharing C. benchmarking D. pay-for-performance E. profit-sharing
answer
gainsharing (B)
question
The marketing department at State College was nearly $8,000 under budget last year due to a variety of cost-cutting measures. This year 50% of the savings were returned to the department to spend as desired, asaformof A. pay for performance. B. pay for knowledge. C. bonus. D. profit sharing. E. gainsharing.
answer
gainsharing (E)
question
Erica teaches fourth grade at a local elementary school. She significantly increased her salary by earning a master's degree in education. This is an example of A. pay for performance. B. pay for knowledge. C. a bonus. D. profit sharing. E. gainsharing.
answer
pay for knowledge (B)
question
Which of the following is not a practice used to create a flexible workplace? A. Job sharing B. Telecommuting C. Gainsharing D. Part-time work E. Compressed workweeks
answer
Gainsharing (C)
question
According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a hygiene factor? A. Responsibility B. Advancement C. The work itself D. Relationships E. Recognition
answer
Relationships (D)