Chapter 12

Antibiotic resistance is becoming more common in disease-causing bacteria because a)antibiotics are used in feed for livestock. b)antibiotics are sometimes prescribed for viral infections (due to pressure from patients). c)some patients do not take the antibiotics as directed. d)antibiotics are used to treat infections in cattle, chickens, and other animals used for agricultural purposes. e)All answers are correct.

Genetic change in a population through multiple generations defines which of the following? a)heredity b)mitosis c)phenotype d)evolution e)genotype

The French naturalist who in 1749 became one of the first scientists to suggest that closely-related species arose from a common ancestor and were changing was a)Charles Darwin. b)Georges Buffon. c)James Hutton. d)Georges Cuvier. e)Charles Lyell.

The French taxonomist who, in 1809, was the first scientist to suggest that organisms that use one part of their body repeatedly would increase their abilities was a)Charles Darwin. b)Alfred Russel Wallace. c)Jean Lamarck. d)Georges Buffon. e)Charles Lyell.

The geologist who suggested that natural processes are slow and steady and that the Earth is much older than 6,000 years was a)Charles Darwin. b)Charles Lyell. c)Alfred Russel Wallace. d)Jean Lamarck. e)Georges Buffon.

The scientist who published "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" in 1859 was a)Alfred Russel Wallace. b)Jean Lamarck. c)Georges Buffon. d)Charles Darwin. e)Charles Lyell.

According to Darwin, natural selection usually a)neither preserves nor rejects harmful variations in a population. b)preserves harmful variations and rejects favorable variations in a population. c)preserves favorable and harmful variations in a population. d)preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.

The relatively short-term changes in allele frequencies within a species or population is a)uniformitarianism. b)artificial selection. c)microevolution. d)natural selection. e)macroevolution.

The mode of natural selection in which one extreme phenotype is fittest and the environment selects against the others is a)directional selection. b)disruptive selection. c)stabilizing selection. d)artificial selection. e)uniformitarianism.

The mode of natural selection in which two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype is a)directional selection. b)stabilizing selection. c)disruptive selection. d)artificial selection. e)uniformitarianism.

The three types of natural selection are a)directional selection, artificial selection, and disruptive selection. b)directional selection, artificial selection, and normalizing selection. c)disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and normalizing selection. d)disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, and artificial selection. e)directional selection, disruptive selection, and stabilizing selection.

Individuals whose red blood cells are the correct shape and are able to resist malaria have a better chance of reaching reproductive age. This is known as a)heterozygote advantage. b)homozygote advantage. c)artificial selection. d)heterozygote disadvantage. e)dominant advantage.

Sexually dimorphic features do not include a)colored plumage. b)intelligence. c)antlers. d)body size. e)None of the answers are correct.

Darwin made which observation while on his four-year voyage on the HMS Beagle? a)More individuals of a population are born than survive to reproduce. b)Populations grow constantly. c)Organisms are varied and some variations are inherited. d)An individual's chance of survival is random. e)Species do not appear to change over time.

Darwin concluded from his observations of nature and readings that a)individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest survive. b)individuals compete with one another for limited resources and only the fittest reproduce. c)population growth is unlimited, leading to the large numbers of organisms. d)an individual's chance of survival and reproduction are mostly due to chance and changes in the environment. e)species do not change over time.

If an environment changes rapidly, organisms with ____ will be more likely to survive and reproduce. a)existing beneficial mutations b)existing neutral mutations c)the ability to produce beneficial mutations d)the ability to adapt their genotype e)the correct allele frequency

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, then what percent of the population will be heterozygous? a)0.32 b)0.16 c)0.64 d)0.04 e)0.40

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, then what percent of the population will be homozygous dominant? a)0.32 b)0.16 c)0.04 d)0.64 e)0.40

Use the Hardy-Weinberg equations: p + q = 1 and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. If the dominant allele frequency is 0.8, then what percent of the population will be homozygous recessive? a)0.64 b)0.32 c)0.04 d)0.16 e)0.40

Babies that are at a low birth weight are more likely to have health problems, while women will have difficulty delivering babies with high birth weight. Together this leads to ______ for babies of average birth weight. a)stabilizing selection b)disruptive selection c)directional selection d)artificial selection e)sexual selection

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to ____ for giraffes with longer necks. a)stabilizing selection b)disruptive selection c)artificial selection d)sexual selection e)directional selection

Ancestors of the Galapagos finches had two different types of seeds to eat on some islands. Some seeds were very small, and required small beaks to handle. Other seeds were very large and required large strong beaks to crack. This led to ____ among the Galapagos finches. a)directional selection b)stabilizing selection c)disruptive selection d)artificial selection e)sexual selection

Carriers of cystic fibrosis have some protection against intestinal infections such as cholera. However, people with two copies of the cystic fibrosis allele develop a life-threatening disease. The mutant allele is very common in people of northern European descent because of a)disruptive selection. b)directional selection. c)artificial selection. d)sexual selection. e)stabilizing selection.

Alleles conferring red plumage to cardinal males are common because red plumage a)makes males less susceptible to predation. b)is helpful in attracting prey. c)is preferred by female cardinals in choosing a mate. allows male cardinals to easily identify each other. d)is an example of genetic drift.

The founder effect a)occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves. b)occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves. c)occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity. d)occurs when many members of a population reproduce causing too much genetic diversity within the population. e)does not occur in nature.

The bottleneck effect a)occurs when many members of a population die, resulting in a great loss of genetic diversity. b)occurs when many members of a population reproduce, causing too much genetic diversity within the population. c)occurs when small groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves. d)occurs when large groups of individuals leave their home population and establish new settlements, mating only among themselves. e)does not occur in nature.

The few ancestors of the Galapagos finches who colonized the islands is an example of a)a bottleneck. b)natural selection. c)increased mutation rate. d)artificial selection. e)founder effect.

The North American bison was hunted to near-extinction in the 1800s. It has since recovered, but with decreased genetic diversity. This is an example of c)founder effect. b)a bottleneck effect. c)natural selection. d)increased mutation rate. e)artificial selection.

Today, 40% of hospital Staphylococcus infections are resistant to all antibiotics except one. a)True b)False

Artificial selection is responsible for many breeds of dogs and cats. a)True b)False

Darwin believed that because of "differential reproductive success" a population would change over time. a)True b)False

Natural selection is random because no individuals are eliminated from reproducing due to different environments. a)True b)False

In an evolutionary sense, "fitness" refers to an organism's contribution to the next generation's gene pool. a)True b)False

Populations of ______ evolve. a)only animals b)only plants and animals c)all living organisms d)only multicellular organisms e)only unicellular organisms

Evolution occurs a)over generations. b)during one lifetime. c)at birth of an organism. d)when a mutation occurs. e)All answers are correct.

Evolution must include a change in a)the gene pool of a population. b)the genes of an individual. c)the dominant phenotype. d)the recessive phenotype. e)the percentage of individuals in a population with the dominant phenotype.

Which of the following does NOT lead to natural selection? a)adaptations b)adjustments an individual makes during its lifetime c)heritable traits that lead to an advantage over others d)beneficial variations in some individuals of a population e)All answers are correct.

"Survival of the fittest" refers to a)natural selection. b)selection of organisms with high reproductive contribution to the next generation. c)selection of individuals with traits that increase fitness. d)higher allele frequencies of individuals best fit for the current environmental conditions in the next generation. e)All answers are correct.