Chapter 10 A&P

The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is: conductivity. elasticity. excitability. extensibility. contractility.

Which are possible functions of skeletal muscles? a: Maintenance of posture b: Both highly coordinated and localized simple movements c: Temperature regulation d: Support of certain body organs e: Regulation of the movement of material through certain body tracts

A skeletal muscle cell can be several inches long. The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is: elasticity. conductivity. extensibility. contractility. responsibility.

The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is: extensibility. elasticity. contractility. treppe effect. conductivity.

In general, a skeletal muscle is composed of: a: connective tissue sheaths b: nerves c: arteries d: veins e: muscle fibers

Which is a correct listing of the hierarchy of a skeletal muscle's components, beginning with the smallest? a: Myofibrils b: Muscle fiber c: Fascicle d: Skeletal muscle

Which is the correct order of the connective tissue layers of a skeletal muscle, beginning with the outermost first? a: Endomysium b: Epimysium c: Perimysium

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a: sphincter. ligament. fascia. → tendon. myofibril

A flat, thin structure made of dense connective tissue that serves to attach a muscle to a bone (or to another muscle) is a(n): ! aponeurosis. tendon. perimysium. myolemma. superficial fascia.

The neurons that stimulate muscle contraction are called _____ neurons. sensory contractile inhibitory → motor association

The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of the: ! fusion of myoblasts. cytokinesis of embryonic satellite cells. spontaneous development of nuclei in embryonic cells. stimulation of fibroblasts by hormones. action of testosterone on mesenchyme cell.

The membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the: sarcolemma. T-tubule. → sarcoplasmic reticulum. sarcomere. Golgi body

Invaginations of the muscle cell membrane that extend deep into the cell are known as the: ! T-tubules. terminal cisternae. titin complexes. Z-discs. end plates.

Which are the reservoirs that store the calcium required for muscle contraction? Synaptic vesicles Synaptic clefts → Terminal cisternae Peroxisomes Mitochondria

Which protein makes up the thick filaments? ! Myosin Actin Tropomyosin Troponin Myopathy

Which is not a protein found in thin filaments? Actin Troponin Tropomyosin → Sarcomyosin No exceptions; all are found in thin filaments

Each thick filament contains about ______ protein molecules (each molecule has two heads and two braided tails).

A skeletal muscle cell contains hundreds to thousands of _________, which are complex organelles; they are cylindrical in shape--about 2 micrometers in diameter and as long as the cell. ! myofibrils microfilaments sarcomeres T-tubules sarcolemma

What is the letter associated with the dark bands in a sarcomere? I → A Z M H

Which letter is associated with the line that is a thin protein structure that serves as an attachment site for thin filament ends? I A → Z M H

Which letter is associated with a zone (in a relaxed muscle) that is a little more lightly shaded because only thick filaments are present? I A M Z → H

Which letter is associated with the light band and contains thin filaments only? ! I A M Z H

Which of the myofilaments of a muscle fiber has the active sites to which the heads of the thick filaments will bind? ! Actin Troponin Tropomyosin Myosin Sarcoplasm

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one _____ to the next adjacent ____ . (The same answer fills in both spaces.) ! Z disc I band H zone A band M line

Myoglobin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind: creatine phosphate. → oxygen. hemoglobin. acetylcholine. ATP

A typical skeletal muscle cell contains approximately _____ mitochondria. 3 30 → 300 3000

The presence of mitochondria and myoglobin facilitate _________ respiration in muscle cells. ! aerobic anaerobic

One feature that helps provide fast energy to a muscle cell is the presence of granules containing the complex carbohydrate: creatine phosphate. myoglobin. → glycogen. nebulin. hemoglobin.

A motor unit consists of: multiple motor neurons and multiple muscle fibers. → a single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls. multiple motor neurons and the one muscle fiber they control. one synaptic terminal button, a cleft, and an acetylcholine receptor. an end plate, T-tubule, and sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps muscle would: contain several motor neurons. be much like those in the eye muscles. generally contain less than ten fibers. → generally contain several hundred fibers.

Fibers from one motor unit: are clustered together within one fascicle of the muscle. → are dispersed throughout most of the muscle.

The narrow space that separates the motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fiber in a neuromuscular junction is called the: motor end plate. synaptic vesicle. → synaptic cleft. synaptic knob. Ach floor.

Which structures are reservoirs that store acetylcholine? ! Synaptic vesicles Synaptic clefts Terminal cisternae Lysosomes Sarcomeres

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium: enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter. → enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter. exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it. exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release. is released from synaptic vesicles.

The way acetylcholine is released from a neuron is: by a primary active transport pump. by rapid diffusion when a voltage-gated ion channel opens for it. → through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane. by conduction through a gap junction from nerve to muscle.

Acetylcholine exerts its effect by: stimulating the motor neuron's synaptic knob. → binding to receptors at the motor end plate. activating acetylcholinesterase. allowing calcium to enter the cell.

Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction? Acetylcholinesterase Rubitussin → Acetylcholine Serotonin Norepinephrine

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit. myosin actin elastin tropomyosin → troponin

An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of: positive charge for the cell, as potassium rapidly enters. → positive charge for the cell, as sodium rapidly enters. negative charge for the cell, as potassium rapidly enters. negative charge for the cell, as sodium rapidly enters

The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs: at the end plate. → along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules. within the sarcoplasmic reticulum. in the mitochondria.

The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of:chemically gated Na+ channels. voltage-gated Na+ channels. chemically gated K+ channels. → voltage-gated K+ channels.

Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction? ! Attach - pivot - detach - return Pivot - attach - return - detach Attach - detach - pivot - return Return - pivot - attach - detach Pivot - attach - detach - return

During which phase of the crossbridge cycle is ATP split into ADP and Pi? Immediately preceding the detachment of the myosin head → Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head Immediately preceding the power stroke

A power stroke involves: an actin molecule pulling a myosin molecule toward the M-line. a thin filament shortening in length and thereby shortening the sarcomere. → a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. a thick filament pushing an actin filament towards the nearest Z-line.

A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in: a failure to stimulate the muscle due to decreased Ach release. → enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased Ach breakdown. enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to enhanced Ach release. poor muscle stimulation due to enhanced Ach breakdown

For relaxation to occur: A. Ach receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close. B. Ach receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open. C. Ach receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close. D. Ach receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.

For relaxation to occur: calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin. calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive. → sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin. extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.

When a muscle relaxes:

Phosphate transfer is used for

Glycolysis is an:

The net energy yield from one glucose molecule through the process of glycolysis is:

For a sprint lasting 60 seconds, ATP is supplied initially by:

Oxidative fibers are:

The type of fibers specialized to continue contracting for extended periods of time, as would be required in running a marathon, for example, are _____ fibers.

The vascular supply to slow muscle fibers is ______ the network of capillaries around fast muscle fibers.

"Intermediate fibers" is another name for:

Which fibers dominate many of the back and calf muscles that contract almost continually to maintain posture?

Muscles of the eye and hand have a high percentage of _______ fibers.

Events of excitation contraction coupling, such as the release of calcium from intracellular stores, occur during the ________ period of a muscle twitch.

Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the _______ period of a twitch.

The increase in muscle tension that occurs with an increase in the intensity (voltage) of a stimulus is called:

Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy text book. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by:

"Staircase" and "warm up" are alternative names for ___________, an increased muscle response to a constant stimulus.

In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus.

Muscle tone is a result of _________ nervous system activity, and it acts to _________ joint position.

Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?

When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change.

The top long distance runners probably have _______ proportion of slow muscle fibers in their leg muscles.

The most prevalent of skeletal muscle fibers in the body are _____ fibers.

One of the reasons you might struggle to lift a heavy object if you tried to lift it with your arm at a fully extended posture is that:

Increased phosphate ion concentration is believed to contribute to fatigue by interfering with:

Which may occur as a result of muscle atrophy?

With increased age, skeletal muscles show:

Lifting weights will cause muscles to enlarge. This is primarily due to

A term that describes the change in muscle following a lack of exercise is:

The type of muscle fibers that have only a single nucleus, both thick and thin filaments, but no Z discs, are:

Growth of the uterus during pregnancy is accomplished by _________ of its smooth muscle.

The latchbridge mechanism of myosin heads is a property of ________ muscle.

To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction, calcium enters the cell and binds to:

The branch of the nervous system that helps govern smooth muscle contraction is the _______ nervous system.

When smooth muscle is stretched for a prolonged period of time, it responds by:

Smooth muscle tissue in which cells are individually sent signals to contract (rather than contracting in unison) is referred to as:

The iris of the eye contains skeletal muscle. multiunit smooth muscle. single-unit smooth muscle. cardiac muscle.

The most abundant form of smooth muscle is:

Rather than tightly coupled synapses between neurons and muscle cells, single-unit smooth muscle contains:

The type of muscle fibers that are striated, form Y-shaped branches, and have junctions called intercalated discs are: