Chapter 1 Test

The umbilicus is caudal to the chin. Correct The terms caudal and inferior are synonymous, meaning "away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below." The umbilicus is caudal (inferior) to the chin.

The body is erect with feet slightly apart, and palms face forward with thumbs pointing away from the body. Correct In the anatomical position, the body is erect with feet slightly apart and arms at the sides. This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention," except that the palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body.

False Correct Proximal means closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. Distal means farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk. In this case, because the thigh is closer to the body trunk than the knee, the knee is distal (not proximal) to the thigh.

The effect opposes the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. Correct Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. In these systems, the effect opposes (counteracts) the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

oblique section Correct An oblique section is a cut made diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical planes.

False Correct This is the definition of metabolism (not digestion). Metabolism is a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking substances into their simpler building blocks (e.g., breaking down glycogen into molecules of glucose), synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (e.g., building a protein from amino acids), and using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP. Digestion is the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Chemical Correct The simplest level of the structural hierarchy is the chemical level; chemicals (molecules) can be combined to form the structures of a cell.

It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction. Correct The slippery serous fluid allows the organs to slide without friction across the cavity walls and one another as they carry out their routine functions. This freedom of movement is especially important for mobile organs, such as the pumping heart and the churning stomach.

False Correct Embryology is a subdivision of developmental anatomy that deals with developmental changes that occur before birth

axial Correct The axial part of the body, which makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.

renal anatomy Correct The term renal anatomy refers to the structure of the kidney, but is not a subdivision in the broad field of anatomy.

Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits. Correct The principle of the complementarity of structure and function states that what a structure can do depends on its specific form. For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.

the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities Correct The dorsal body cavity, which protects the fragile nervous system organs, has two subdivisions: the cranial cavity and the vertebral, or spinal, cavity.

the receptor, the control center, and the effector Correct Regardless of the factor or event being regulated-the variable-all homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at least three components that work together. The first component, the receptor, is a sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by signaling (providing input to) the control center. The control center compares the input to the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained, and signals the appropriate effector(s). The effector produces the effect (change) that counteracts the initial problem (stimulus).

It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Correct Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

False Correct Although we use common directional and regional terms to refer to all human bodies, humans often differ in their external and internal anatomies. Nonetheless, well over 90% of all structures present in any human body match the textbook descriptions. We seldom see extreme anatomical variations because they are incompatible with life.

When your hand is exposed to extreme heat, you involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus. Correct Responsiveness (or excitability) is one of the necessary life functions, but is not an example of maintaining boundaries.

True Correct The sagittal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

The heart is dorsal to the sternum. Correct The heart is dorsal (posterior) to the sternum. In humans, the terms dorsal and posterior are synonymous with one another, meaning "toward or at the back of the body," or behind.

negative feedback Correct Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms. In these systems, the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity. Your body "thermostat" operates in this fashion.