This phylogenetic hypothesis shows the major clades of chordates in relation to the other main deuterostome clade, Echinodermata. Derived characters are listed for selected clades; for example, only gnathostomes have a jaw. In some lineages, derived traits have been lost over time or occur in reduced form; hagfishes and lampreys, for example, are vertebrates with reduced vertebrae.
Based on this phylogeny, which vertebrate groups would you expect to have lungs or lung derivatives? Select all that apply.
Which of the following statements about deuterostomes is false?
answer
All deuterostomes exhibit radial symmetry in their bodies.
question
Which structure is not an innovation that occurred during vertebrate diversification?
answer
Exoskeleton
question
True or false? An organism that is radially symmetric has many well-developed head regions.
answer
False
question
Which characteristic distinguishes echinoderms from the other two deuterostome lineages?
answer
their body plan
question
Which of the following statements about vertebrates is true?
answer
The development of an amniotic egg and internal fertilization allowed vertebrates to reproduce away from water.
question
Which characteristics define a chordate?
answer
The presence of four specific morphological traits
question
Which structure can be used for feeding and gas exchange?
answer
Pharyngeal gill slit
question
What is a transitional fossil?
answer
Transitional fossils have features that are intermediate between ancestors and descendants.
question
Which of the following is a tetrapod?
answer
a reptile
a bird
a mammal
an amphibian
question
Which evidence supports the hypothesis that four-limbed animals came from fish?
answer
-DNA analysis shows that fish are tetrapods' closest relatives.
-The fossil record shows more and more tetrapod-like fish before the appearance of tetrapods about 365 million years ago.
-Both fish and four-limbed animals are vertebrates.
-Fish and four-limbed animals have very similar embryos.
question
Why have we NOT found examples in the fossil record of every animal that ever lived on Earth?
answer
-To become a fossil, an animal must remain buried for thousands or millions of years until it (and the layer around it) turns to rock.
-Many fossils remain buried. We can only find them when they are exposed by erosion or excavation.
-To become a fossil, an animal must be quickly and completely buried in ash or sediment before it has a chance to decompose.
question
Why did Shubin and Daeschler search in the Canadian arctic for fossil evidence of the transition from fish to tetrapods?
answer
They hypothesized that the transitional fossils were in sedimentary rocks older than 365 million years ago, when the first tetrapods appear in the fossil record.
question
What kind of habitat did tiktaalik live in?
answer
Tiktaalik lived in a warm, freshwater swamp
question
Tiktaalik had a combination of fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which were the tetrapod-like characteristics?
answer
-a neck
-interlocking ribs
-flat head with eyes on top
question
How did the great transition from fish to tetrapod occur?
answer
The transition occurred gradually over time, so there are many intermediate forms
question
Except for modern ethnic groups in ______, the majority of humans appear to have traces of Neanderthal DNA in their genome.
answer
Africa
question
Research confirms that Neanderthal DNA makes up about ____ of the modern human genome.
answer
4%
question
DNA was isolated from Neanderthal ____ and sequenced so that it could be compared to modern human DNA.
answer
bone fragments
question
Mating is believed to have taken place between modern humans and Neanderthals in ____ about 70,000 years ago.
answer
the Middle East
question
The Neanderthal DNA discovered in Homo sapiens is best explained by ____.
answer
gene flow
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