The total collection of genes that an individual has is called his or her
answer
genotype
question
Each individual inherits 23 chromosomes from their mother and 23 chromosomes from their father. In addition, epigenetic effects create an individual's appearance and behavior to create a:
answer
phenotype
question
Timur and Juan are playing basketball. Timur shoots the ball and Juan blocks the shot. Timur says, "Wow, I didn't realize how tall you were until you did that!" Timur's comment refers to Juan's:
answer
phenotype
question
Brothers and sisters from the same parents share only half the same genes, making the possible combinations:
answer
in the millions
question
Genetic___________distinguishes each person and allows for adaptation.
answer
diversity
question
The name of the full set of genes that provide the instructions for making living organisms is the:
answer
genome.
question
Each human has a total of about_____genes.
answer
20,000-23,000
question
On the 23rd set of chromosomes, males have:
answer
an X and a Y chromosome.
question
On the 23rd set of chromosomes, females have:
answer
two X chromosomes.
question
Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for the determining the sex of the baby?
answer
Greg
question
Which statement is true?
answer
Male embryos are more vulnerable than female embryos therefore less likely to survive prenatally.
question
Identical twins are also called _______twins
answer
monozygotic
question
Fraternal twins are also called ____twins
answer
dizygotic
question
Harold and Heather are twins. They are the result of:
answer
Two separate ova that were fertilized by two different sperms
question
Justin and Jacob are identical twins. They are the result of:
answer
One ovum fertilized by one sperm that split into two zygotes
question
the ______is a worldwide effort to map all human genes.
answer
Human Genome Project
question
Historically, who was blamed for not producing an offspring of a particular gender?
answer
mothers only
question
Due to understanding more about the role of genes in determining the sex of a child, couples can
select the sex of a child by all methods EXCEPT:
answer
selecting only X eggs for fertilization.
question
When the effects of genes add up to make the phenotype, they are called ____genes
answer
additive
question
Holly learned from her science teacher that her height resulted from about 180 genes, each contributing a tiny amount of genetic information. Holly learned that her height was due to:
answer
additive genes.
question
Brown-eyed Alma has a blue-eyed mother and a brown-eyed father. In this case, her brown eyes were determined by a ______allele
answer
dominant
question
Lacy has a recessive gene in her genotype that is not expressed in her phenotype. She is a(n) of
that gene.
answer
carrier
question
Michael is color-blind. His gene for color blindness is most likely a:
answer
recessive gene on his X chromosome.
question
Almost every trait is __________,which means it is affected by many genes.
answer
polygenic
question
Cindy is doing a presentation on prenatal development and wants to present the three main periods of prenatal development in order from conception to birth. Cindy's presentation uses the following order:
answer
germinal, embryonic, and fetal.
question
Many obstetricians date the onset of pregnancy from the date:
answer
of the woman's last menstrual period
question
Before differentiation begins, the first cells of the zygote are called _____cells.
answer
stem
question
During the germinal period of prenatal development, some cells become part of the brain, some
become part of the leg, and some become part of the stomach, etc. The term for this process is:
a. duplication.
answer
differentiation.
question
During the germinal period, the first task of the zygote's outer cells is:
answer
. implantation.
question
The germinal period ends approximately________after conception.
answer
2 weeks
question
About a week after conception, the outer layer of the multiplying cells forms a protective circle, or shell, that will become the:
answer
placenta.
question
What is the main function of the placenta?
answer
protecting and surrounding the developing fetus
question
Around day 14 of the embryonic period, the _______appears. It will eventually become the neural tube.
answer
the primitive streak
question
The neural tube will become the
answer
brain and spinal cord
question
The head begins to take shape in the______week after conception.
answer
fourth
question
In the fourth week after conception, a miniscule blood vessel that is the start of the_______system begins to pulsate
answer
cardiovascular
question
A woman who is pregnant is having an ultrasound done eight weeks into prenatal development. She is surprised by the size of the embryo's head when she sees the image on the screen. The doctor reassures her that this is typical and due to the________pattern developement
answer
cephalocaudal
question
Prenatally, development happens in a "near to far" pattern known as:
answer
proximodistal.
question
The longest period of prenatal development is the ___________period.
answer
fetal
question
The third period of gestation is the ____________period.
answer
fetal
question
In the _________after conception, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound
answer
ninth week
question
What happens to the brain during the fetal period of development?
answer
It increases in size and begins to wrinkle.
question
. The age of viability is the time when the preterm newborn
answer
might survive outside the uterus.
question
Harry was a preterm newborn who was born after 26 weeks of prenatal development. He now is a healthy, happy 2-year-old. Harry's ability to survive after being born so early was due in part to his
reaching the:
answer
age of viability.
question
On average, fetuses gain about ________pounds during the last trimester of pregnancy, which brings the average birth weight to about 7.5 pounds.
answer
4.5 pounds
question
The critical factor in attaining the age of viability is
answer
. having adequate brain development.
question
The____starts the sequence of events that prepares the fetus for delivery and starts labor.
answer
fetal brain
question
Full-term pregnancies typically last_______from the date of conception
answer
38 weeks
question
In a first birth, the average length of active labor is
answer
about 12 hours.
question
The Apgar scale is used at one minute and five minutes after birth to:
answer
evaluate the health of the newborn.
question
A baby is assessed at one minute after birth according to the Apgar scale. Three of the five vital signs
are good, but the baby is weak and inactive and grimaces. The two vital signs the medical team is concerned about are:
answer
muscle tone and reflex irritability.
question
Virginia Apgar was a(n):
answer
anesthesiologist.
question
In the third stage of labor, the:
answer
placenta is delivered.
question
In the United States, more than ______of births occur via C-section.
answer
1/3
question
Compared to vaginal births, C-section births:
answer
increase the risk of complications.
question
Epidurals, often used in hospital births to manage pain during childbirth, have been shown to:
answer
inhibit the newborn's readiness to suck.
question
Which country has the highest rate of C-section births in the world?
answer
China
question
An alternative to giving birth in a hospital is to arrange to give birth at home. This option is
especially popular in Europe, where home births appear to have:
answer
fewer complications than those in hospitals.
question
Parents of newborn Renata are amazed at their daughter's responsiveness and reflexes when a
professional administers the:
answer
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale.
question
When infants turn their heads and suck in response to a touch on the cheek, they are demonstrating the:
answer
rooting reflex.
question
Newborn babies do NOT have reflexes designed to:
answer
adjust to the difference between day and night.
question
The phenomenon in which fathers experience symptoms of pregnancy and birth is known as:
answer
couvade.
question
Maternal depression:
answer
can have a long-term impact on the newborn.
question
Julia had a baby 3 weeks ago. She has been feeling sad and inadequate as a mother, which has made caring for her newborn difficult. Julia may be experiencing:
answer
maternal depression.
question
Kelley just had a baby and now is experiencing a sense of inadequacy and sadness. She may have:
answer
postpartum depression.
question
Studies indicate that _________may mitigate maternal depression by in part by increasing levels of the bonding hormone oxytocin.
answer
breast-feeding
question
Rumasia places her baby on her chest so that they are skin to skin. This is called
answer
kangaroo care.
question
Approximately once in every _________births, an infant is born with 45, 47, or even 48 or 49 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.
answer
200
question
Down syndrome is also called:
answer
trisomy-21.
question
Most of the known single-gene disorders are:
a. recessive.
answer
dominant.
question
Jeremy inherited ____________, a genetic disorder characterized by uncontrollable tics and explosive verbal outbursts.
answer
Tourette syndrome
question
. A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for:
answer
damage to the placenta.
question
Jill is 3 years old. She is hyperactive and learning-disabled. Her doctor suggests that Jill's problems could be the result of prenatal exposure to _________
answer
behavioral teratogens
question
Chantal and Larry are considering having a baby. Chantal's doctor recommends that they stop using
recreational drugs and update their immunizations:
answer
before Chantal gets pregnant.
question
The first days and weeks after conception (the germinal and embryonic periods) are_________for body formation, but the entire fetal period is a _______period for brain development
answer
d. critical; sensitive
question
Anoxia refers to:
answer
a lack of oxygen.
question
Thresholds, as they relate to harm from any teratogen, are difficult to set because one teratogen may ________the harm from another teratogen.
answer
increase
question
Some teratogens have a threshold effect, which means that they are:
answer
harmless up to a certain Level:.
question
Mandy is pregnant yet she still smokes cigarettes, drinks alcohol, and does not eat well. Her baby may be at increased risk for the development of:
answer
a. fetal alcohol syndrome.
question
One reason male fetuses are more vulnerable than female fetuses may be that the:
answer
X chromosome seems to have a protective effect. b
question
Low folic acid in during pregnancy can result in:
answer
neural-tube defects.
question
What percentage of all serious defects occur for unknown reasons?
answer
. 20 percent
question
Early prenatal care can help decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities. However, it CANNOT
provide pregnant women with information about:
answer
exact thresholds for teratogens.
question
Babies born under 1,000 grams (2 pounds 3 ounces) are considered:
a. low birthweight
answer
extremely low birthweight.
question
Babies born slightly under 1,500 grams (3 pounds 5 ounces) are considered:
answer
very low birthweight.
question
Babies born slightly under 2,500 grams (5 pounds 8 ounces) are considered:
answer
low birthweight.
question
A baby born three or more weeks early is called:
answer
. preterm.
question
Babies considered small for gestational age:
answer
can be full-term or preterm babies
question
Cigarette smoking is implicated in___________percent of all low-birthweight births worldwide
answer
25
question
Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico 2 years ago and just had their first baby.
Although Bruno and Juliana's SES is lower than their native-born peers, their baby was born at a healthy weight, due in part, to the support of their social network. This phenomenon is called the:
answer
Hispanic paradox.
question
Adults who were low-birthweight babies have higher rates of:
answer
betes.
question
Which is NOT a possible consequence of low birthweight?
answer
speech impediment
question
The frequency of LBW in the United States ________throughout most of the twentieth century, and then______in the 1990s and early 2000s.
answer
decreased; increased
question
Statistically, which woman is MOST apt to have a baby with LBW?
answer
Kate, who regularly misses meals
question
In the United States, which is NOT a potential reason for the rise in the frequency of LBW babies?
answer
genetic factors
question
As of 2008, the rate of low-birthweight babies in the United States babies is_________percent.
answer
8.2
question
Greg and Allen are at bar watching a football game. Over the course of the game, each one drinks
three beers. Greg is sweating and red-faced while Allen is not. A likely reason for the difference in their physiological reactions to the alcohol is that:
answer
Greg's and Allen's bodies metabolize the alcohol differently.
question
Age impacts alcoholism in that ___________get drunk more often and experience more pleasure and less pain from drinking.
answer
adolescents
question
Research indicates that alcoholism may be caused by:
a. just nature.
answer
a combination of nature and nurture.
question
. Eyeballs change shape at typical stages of development, including puberty and middle adulthood.This makes it more likely that ___________will increase at puberty, and________will decrease during middle adulthood.
answer
nearsightedness; nearsightedness
question
The statistic that indicates how much of the variation in a particular trait can be traced to genes is called:
answer
heritability.
question
Eight-year-old Joe has no difficulty seeing things near him but sometimes struggles to see things in the distance. Joe gets his eyes checked and is told that he does not yet need corrective lenses for
nearsightedness. Instead, drawing on current research, the ophthalmologist advises that he:
answer
play outside more.
question
Risks to development at apparent at conception, pregnancy, and birth but the risks can be________if
mothers and fathers, professionals, and the community work to promote healthy prenatal development.
answer
minimized
question
Genes are located on chromosomes.
answer
T
question
With just one exception, each body cell in a human being has 23 single chromosomes
answer
F
question
An individual's collection of genes is called a phenotype
answer
F
question
Any two individuals share 99.5 percent of their genetic code.
answer
T
question
All humans have about 100,000 genes.
answer
F
question
If the 23rd pair of chromosomes contains two X chromosomes than that individual is a male.
answer
F
question
. Every ovum a woman creates contains an X chromosome.
answer
T
question
. It is the mother's ovum that determines whether the developing baby will become a boy or a girl.
answer
F
question
Dizygotic twins originate from the same zygote; therefore, they have the same genotype.
answer
F
question
When a person inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed in the phenotype, that person is a carrier of the gene.
answer
T
question
Every person starts life as a single cell called a stem cell.
answer
F
question
The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period.
answer
F
question
Couvade is when the zygote embeds itself into the lining of the uterus.
answer
F
question
. Fetal development follows a cephalocaudal and a proximodistal pattern.
answer
T
question
The fetus gains about 2 pounds in the third trimester.
answer
F
question
Birth takes place around 266 days after conception.
answer
T
question
The Apgar scale refers to the age at which a fetus might survive if born.
answer
F
question
The newborn's cry can earn a 2 for respiratory effort on the Apgar scale.
answer
T
question
The Apgar scale measures color, heart rate, cry, muscle tone, and breathing.
answer
T
question
. The rate of both cesarean sections and induced labor is declining worldwide.
answer
F
question
Home births are more common in European nations than in the United States
answer
T
question
Doulas have been shown to have little benefit in helping women during the birth process.
answer
F
question
The rooting reflex helps a newborn infant find a nipple.
answer
T
question
. Birth-related complications are more likely when there is a father listed on the birth record.
answer
F
question
Between 8 and 15 percent of all women experience postpartum depression in the days and weeks
after giving birth
answer
T
question
The strong, loving bond that forms as parents hold and feed their newborn is known as couvade.
answer
F
question
About 20 percent of all children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral teratogens.
answer
T
question
The term for a temporary lack of oxygen is anoxia.
answer
T
question
Alcohol is one teratogen that results in dose-related damage.
answer
T
question
Some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain Level:.
answer
T
question
Taking even one drink of alcohol during pregnancy will result in a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome
answer
F
question
. Embryos exposed to large amounts of alcohol may develop distorted facial features
answer
T
question
A small for gestational age baby means the same as an underweight preterm newborn.
answer
F
question
Low-birthweight is defined as a newborn that weighs less than 2,500 grams.
answer
T
question
Fathers do not seem to have any impact on birth outcomes.
answer
F
question
The nations of sub-Sahara Africa have low rates of low birthweight babies.
answer
F
question
Genes and alleles for alcoholism have been found exclusively on the Y chromosome.
answer
F
question
Heritability indicates how much of the variation of a trait can be traced to genes.
answer
T
question
Genes affect disorders such as alcoholism and nearsightedness, but research indicates that the
environment plays a role as well.
answer
T
question
_____are units of instructions for cells located on chromosomes.
answer
genes
question
Every human body cell contains_____chromosomes, with the exception of the gametes.
answer
46
question
Each variation of a gene is called a(n)_____.
answer
allele
question
A person's collection of genes is referred to as his or her_____.
answer
genotype
question
An individual's genotype plus the epigenetic effects results in his or her______.
answer
phenotype
question
If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is a(n) ______, the individual will be female
answer
XX
question
If the 23rd pair of chromosomes is a(n)_____, the individual will be male.
answer
XY
question
Identical twins are also called_______twins.
answer
monozygotic
question
Fraternal twins are also called_____twins
answer
dizygotic
question
When the effects of genes combine to form the phenotype, they are called _____genes.
answer
additive
question
When someone inherits a recessive gene that is not expressed, that person is a(n)_______of that gene.
answer
carrier
question
__________is the process in which the developing organism embeds itself into the lining of the uterus.
answer
Implantation
question
A(n)_______uses sound waves to generate an image of a fetus in utero.
answer
ultrasound
question
The age at which a fetus may survive if born is known as the______
answer
age of viability
question
The fetus usually gains at least _____ pounds in the third trimester
answer
4.5 (4½)
question
On average, a first baby is born after_____hours of active labor.
answer
12
question
Violeta is in labor and has requested a pain reliever known as a(n)_______which is an injection given in the spine to alleviate pain
answer
epidural
question
The______ is used to assess the newborn's health at one minute and five minutes.
answer
Apgar scale
question
A newborn's involuntary response to a particular stimulus is a(n) ________
answer
reflex
question
__________refers to the practice of a newborn lying skin-to-skin between the mother's breasts.
answer
: Kangaroo care
question
Risk of fetal neural-tube defects may be substantially reduced by a maternal diet adequate in______.
answer
folic acid
question
A newborn that weighs less than 1,000 grams would be considered ______________
answer
extremely low birthweight,
question
_______is the primary reason teenage girls often have small babies.
answer
Malnutrition
question
___________is the statistic that indicates how much of a variation in a particular trait can be traced to genes.
answer
Heritability
question
As urbanization, video games, homework, and fear of strangers has kept more American children
indoors, the rate of ______has increased
answer
nearsightedness (myopia),
question
Define genotype and phenotype and explain the impact of both on an individual's traits.
answer
: Genotype refers to the collection of genes a person carries in his or her DNA. Phenotype is a person's actual appearance and behavior. The genes a person inherits, epigenetic factors, and the
interaction among genes determine the actual traits expressed in each person.
question
Describe at least two of the surprises revealed upon the completion of the Human Genome Project.
answer
Answers will vary but should highlight surprising findings including that any two people share 99.5 percent of their genetic code; humans and chimpanzees share 98 percent of their genetic code; genomes for humans and other mammals are at least 90 percent the same; humans only have about 20,000-23,000 genes; and dogs and mice have more genes than humans
question
Explain how the sex of an infant is determined and which parent is responsible for gender.
answer
: Sex is determined by the 23rd set of chromosomes. If the set contains two X chromosomes, then the infant is female. If it contains an X and a Y, then the infant is a boy. The father's sperm determines the
sex of the infant since the sperm can carrier either and X or a Y chromosome.
question
Describe the difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
answer
Monozygotic twins result when one ovum is fertilized by one sperm and the zygote splits apart after duplication. This results in two identical zygotes (identical twins). Dizygotic (fraternal) twins result when two ova are fertilized by two separate sperm.
question
Explain how color blindness is inherited and why it is much more common in boys than in girls
answer
Color blindness is an X-linked recessive gene. This means that it is passed down to a son from a mother on the X chromosome. Since boys have one X and one Y chromosome, they inherit one recessive gene on the X chromosome and have no dominant chromosome to overpower it on the Y chromosome.Girls, who have two X chromosomes, will usually have a dominant gene on the other X chromosome so they may carry the trait but will not express it.
question
Describe kangaroo care and its benefits.
answer
In kangaroo care, mothers hold their infants to their chests skin-to-skin, allowing them to feel their body heat. Infants who benefit from kangaroo care experience deeper sleep, more time alert, and more responsiveness to their mothers.
question
Describe the symptoms of postpartum depression. What are possible outcomes of prolonged postpartum depression for the mother and the baby?
answer
Symptoms of postpartum depression include deep sadness and feelings of inadequacy. Possible outcomes for the baby include inadequate food and care, behavior problems later on, lack of social
stimulation, and possible abuse or neglect.
question
8. Define reflexes. Describe the three kinds of reflexes that are necessary for newborn survival and give an example of each.
answer
Reflexes are unlearned actions that are involuntary responses to particular stimuli. Those that are necessary for newborn survival are ones that maintain oxygen supply (such as the breathing, hiccupping, or sneezing), maintain constant body temperature (such as crying, shivering, or pushing off blankets), and
those that manage feedings (such as the sucking and rooting reflexes).
question
Explain the procedure known as a cesarean section, and discuss the benefits and risks associated with this kind of delivery.
answer
A cesarean section (C-section) is also known as a surgical birth, in which incisions through the
mother's abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina. Generally, cesareans are safe for mother and baby; advantages for hospitals include ease in scheduling, quicker than vaginal deliveries, and more expensive than vaginal deliveries; drawbacks are a longer recovery period after delivery for the mother, complications after birth, and a reduction in breast- feeding.
question
What are behavioral teratogens, and what are the potential consequences of exposure to them?
answer
Behavioral teratogens are substances and conditions that increase the risk of harm to the developing brain in a fetus. Consequences of exposure to behavioral teratogens include hyperactivity, learning disabilities, and antisocial behavior.
question
What are four of the factors that contribute to low birthweight?
answer
: Answers will vary from the following: genetic vulnerability, maternal drug use, low pregnancy weight, low maternal body fat, low total maternal weight gain, inadequate vitamins, and poor nutrition.
question
Explain two of the hypotheses developed to explain the increase in low birthweight in the United
States.
answer
Answers will vary from the following: 1) increasing rates of assisted reproduction that lead to twins and triplets (multiple babies always weigh less than one infant); 2) a lack of adequate maternal nutrition;
3) an increase in food insecurity; and 4) increased maternal drug use.
question
Explain how nature and nurture can interact to result in alcoholism.
answer
In some individuals, genes can create the addictive desire to drink to excess. In addition, each body metabolizes alcohol differently. Other inherited personality traits make alcoholism more likely. The cultural context is also important in that some environments encourage alcohol use (while others discourage it).
question
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answer
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