Ch. 13 Medicine Review

Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for A. methadone. B. the willow tree. C. the opium poppy. D. a research group studying sleep disorders.

Opium was traditionally extracted from the poppy plant by A. boiling the leaves. B. cutting the seed pods. C. pounding the roots. D. collecting the pollen from the flowers.

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by A. the British, around 1600 AD. B. Portuguese explorers, around 1400 AD. C. Egyptians, around 1500 BC. D. Romans, around 600 AD.

The 16th century European physician Paracelsus, and later Dr. Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of A. heroin. B. laudanum. C. opium smoking. D. pure codeine.

One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was A. a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking. B. religious opposition to the use of alcohol. C. widespread planting of opium poppies in China. D. miners and railroad workers returning from America brought the habit with them.

The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted, among other things, in A. the Chinese being allowed to continue to ship opium to India. B. American ships being prevented from trading with China for many years. C. the destruction of all poppy fields in Turkey. D. the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession.

The two major active chemicals in opium are A. morphine and codeine. B. heroin and cocaine. C. paregoric and laudanum. D. meperidine and oxycodone.

In 1898, Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name A. Darvon. B. Sublimaze. C. Demerol. D. Heroin.

By the beginning of the 20th century, a greater percentage of Americans were dependent on opioids than at any time before or since. Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this, along with A. intravenous use of heroin. B. the growth of organized crime syndicates. C. patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine. D. alcohol prohibition.

Possession of opium, morphine, or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by A. the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act. B. a 1915 Supreme Court decision. C. the 1970 Controlled Substances Act. D. the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse amendments.

Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users A. around 1900, because it could be injected. B. during the 1920s, because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose. C. during World War II, when supplies of raw opium were cut off. D. in the 1960s, because users believed that it was more pure than other opioids.

"Black tar" is A. a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form. B. a type of street heroin that is has been "cut" with powdered charcoal. C. a synthetic opioid that is twice as potent as pure heroin. D. an opium extract that is imported from Southeast Asia.

At the current time, most of the heroin in the U.S. originates from poppy fields in A. Afghanistan. B. Laos and Thailand. C. Colombia and Mexico. D. China.

Vicodin and Oxycontin are examples of A. NSAIDs. B. narcotic antagonists. C. prescription opioids that are being misused and abused at increasing rates. D. fake drugs sold over the Internet that are actually placebos.

Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine? A. codeine B. methadone C. pentazocine D. fentanyl

Naloxone, nalorphine, and naltrexone are examples of A. NSAIDs. B. opioid antagonists. C. prescription opioids that are being misused and abused at increasing rates. D. fake drugs sold over the Internet that are actually placebos.

Enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins are A. three types of opioid receptor found in the brain. B. three classes of natural brain chemicals that have effects similar to morphine. C. enzymes in the brain that convert morphine into its active form. D. three chemical classes of synthetic prescription opioids.

Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opioids, they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries) because of their ability to A. decrease violent behavior. B. lower blood pressure. C. counteract diarrhea. D. decrease bleeding.

Siegel and his colleagues have shown in animal studies that tolerance to opioids A. is due to reduced absorption of the drug. B. is not very great. C. occurs after only a single exposure. D. is partly due to conditioned protective reflexes.

The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to A. a bad case of intestinal flu. B. a life-threatening disease. C. a hangover from alcohol. D. an allergy.

The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of ____________ in developing opioid dependence. A. withdrawal symptoms B. positive reinforcement C. peer pressure D. tolerance

In a heroin user, negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when A. the user overdoses and almost dies. B. the person is trying the drug for the first time. C. withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection. D. the user sees a needle or syringe.

Long-term exposure to opioid drugs A. has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system. B. causes damage to the mesolimbic dopamine system. C. can weaken the heart. D. is a common cause of kidney disease.

Developing dependence on heroin A. is so rapid it can occur after just one intravenous injection. B. seems to require three or more injections per day for several days. C. takes at least a month of use at relatively high doses. D. depends more on the dose than on how often the drug has been used.

Morphine and codeine are derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferous. True False

Opium smoking was widespread in China by 200 BC. True False

Heroin was originally a brand name for diacetylmorphine, manufactured by Bayer laboratories. True False

Heroin first became popular among opioid abusers in the 1970s, due to returning Vietnam veterans. True False

"Black tar" is a form of heroin that comes mainly from Mexico. True False

Vicodin and Oxycontin are prescription opioids that are being misused and abused at increasing rates. True False

Naloxone and nalorphine are natural brain chemicals that have effects similar to morphine. True False

Withdrawal from opioid drugs has effects similar to a bad case of intestinal flu. True False

Long-term use of opioid drugs has been clearly shown to damage both the liver and the brain. True False