CH.1 The Study of Body Function

study of biological function; how the body works

study of how disease or injury alters physiological processes

study of comparative functions of various animals

1. Observation, 2. hypothesis, 3. prediction, 4. experiment, 5. analyze, 6. conclude, 7. Modify and Repeat, 8. share

a tentative explanation for a specific phenomenon that has been observed

a widely accepted explanatory idea or statement that is wide in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

statement or fact meant to explain in concise terms and action or set of actions; generally to be true and universal

studying the effects of a chemical on cells in vitro (cells cultured outside of body)

studies on animals to see if same effect occurs in vivo(within a living create) and if there are any toxic effects.

3 phases of clinical study on humans

Phase1: test drug on healthy human volunteers Phase2: test drug on people with particular dieasease (target population) Phase3: test on large number of people phase4: test other applications for drug

constancy of the internal environment.

Sensors, integration center, effector

detect change and send information to the integrating center.

assesses change around a set point and sends instructions to an effector

makes the appropriate adjustments to counter the change from the set point.

causes the action of the effectors to counteract the changes e.g. body temp.

maintain homeostasis by opposing effectors that move conditions in opposite directions which causes a dynamic constancy. e.g. when you are hot, you sweat.

causes the action of the effectors to amplify the changes away from homeostasis

cells "built into" the organs being regulated sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond appropriately.

the nervous or endocrine systems regulate the organ. (effect on multiple organs)

cell, tissue, organ, system, organism.

basic unit of structure and function of living things

group of similar cells that perform similar function

group of two or more tissues that make up structural and functional units.

group of organs that work together to perform related functions.

being where all systems work in coordination

specialized for contraction; 3 types: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Voluntary, has cell organized in striations, most associated with bones of the skeleton that are pulled to produce movement.

found only in heart, fibers are short, branched, and interconnected both physically and electrically. striated, involuntary

found in walls of digestive, urinary and reproductive organs, blood vessels, and bronchioles of lungs (hollow organs), not striated, involuntary

found in brain, spinal cord, and nerves. composed of neurons and neuroglia.

forms the membranes that cover body surfaces, line inside or hollow organs, and glands;

one layer specialized for transport of substances

multiple layers that provide protection

allows for rapid diffusion as in the alveoli of the lungs

allows for secretion of substances as in various glands

allows for absorption as found in the wall of the small intestine.

provide protection, cells of tissue are held together by structures called junctional complexes.

derived from cells of epithelial membranes

secrete chemicals through a duct to outside of a membrane

secrete chemicals called hormones into capillaries within the tissue

characterized by a matrix made up of protein fibers, extracellular material, and specialized cells

composed of protein and a gel like ground substance

collagen fibers scattered loosely with room for blood vessels and nerves--hypodermis of skin and holding organs in place.

specialized type of loose connective tissue

densely packaged collage fiber with regular pattern appearance and little room for ground substance--tendons and ligaments.

densely packaged collagen fiber with irregular pattern appearance-deep dermis of skin

composed of cells called chondrocytes trapped in spaces called lecunae surrounded by a semi-solid ground substance: non-vascularized.

cells called osteoblasts trap mineral salts, forming concentric layers of calcified material around a central canal filled with blood vessels and nerves.

the dentin of tooth is similar to bone and is made by cells in the pulp; the outer enamel is harder than bone or dentin

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium to protect against water loss and abrasion

dense irregular connective tissue containing exocrine glands, hair follicles, sense receptors, and blood vessels.

adipose tissue for padding and insulation: not technically a part of the skin

basic and general cells that are undifferentiated and can dfferentiate into specialized calls and can divide to make more stem cells.

specialized cells

tissues composed of highly specialized cells that arise from three embryonic germ layers: endoderm:internal layer mesoderm-middle layer ectoderm-outside layer

a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types.

ability to differentiate into any cell type e.g. zygotes

ability to differentiate into any of the three germ layers-ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm e.g. embryonic cells

ability to differentiate into a limited to a narrow range of possibilities that can become several related cells. e.g. bone marrow cells can become any type of blood cell

integumentary, nervous, endocrine, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, immune, respiratory, urinary, digestive and reproductive system.

area inside the cells: contains 65% of total body water

area outside the cells; contains 35% of total body water