CARLA 14 BIO 377

The regulation of water and ion excretion occurs primarily within the ________. a. collecting ducts b. late distal tubules c. proximal tubules d. both proximal tubules and late distal tubules e. both late distal tubules and collecting ducts

Which of the following is a source of water input? a. gastrointestinal tract b. renal tubules c. metabolism d. both gastrointestinal tract and metabolism e. all of these

The force that moves water out of the distal tubules and collecting ducts is ________. a. the passive regulated movement through Na+/H2O transporter b. the passive unregulated movement along the paracellular pathway c. the active transport of water d. an osmotic gradient e. an alteration in temperature

The primary driving force for water movement out of the proximal tubules is ________. a. active transport of potassium b. directed by urea c. active transport of H2O d. greater osmolarity of the peritubular fluid e. reduced osmolarity of the peritubular fluid

The osmotic gradient in the medullary region of the kidneys is established and maintained by ________. a. Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle b. Na+/K+/Cl- cotransporters in the descending limb of the loop of Henle c. efflux of water from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle d. efflux of water from the descending limb of the loop of Henle e. efflux of Na+ from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

A longer loop of Henle would result in ________. a. a higher osmolarity in the deeper regions of the renal medulla b. the ability to produce a more dilute urine (lots of water, little solute) c. the ability to produce a more concentrated urine (lots of solute, little water) d. both a higher osmolarity in the deeper regions of the renal medulla and the ability to produce a more dilute urine (lots of water, little solute) e. both a higher osmolarity in the deeper regions of the renal medulla and the ability to produce a more concentrated urine (lots of solute, little water)

If nothing else is removed from the filtrate once it reaches the late distal tubules, the urine excreted would be ________ and ________. a. devoid of ions : large volume b. high osmolarity : low volume c. low osmolarity : low volume d. low osmolarity : large volume e. high osmolarity : large volume

The volume of the obligatory water loss is limited by ________. a. diameter of the loop of Henle b. the osmolarity at the early portion of the distal tubule c. the maximal osmolarity of the medullary osmotic gradient d. the water permeability of the the collecting ducts e. the water permeability of the distal tubule

In the early portion of the collecting duct (in cortical interstitial fluid), an increase in water permeability will result in a(n) ________. a. increase in filtrate volume b. decrease in filtrate volume c. movement of water into the duct d. transport of sodium out of the tubule e. efflux of urea from the tubule

Where is ADH released from? a. distal tubule b. collecting duct c. pancreas d. posterior pituitary e. both distal tubule and collecting duct

At high concentrations of antidiuretic hormone, the extent of water reabsorption in the collecting ducts is ________, causing urine output to ________. a. high : decrease b. low : decrease c. high : increase d. low : increase e. unaffected : remain unchanged

The strongest stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior pituitary is a(n) ________. a. decrease in plasma osmolarity b. decrease in blood pressure c. increase in plasma osmolarity d. increase in blood pressure e. decrease in sodium content of the blood

In diabetes insipidus, blood levels of ________ are decreased causing an increase in ________. a. insulin : glucose in the urine b. aldosterone : sodium in the urine c. aldosterone : potassium in the urine d. ADH : urine volume e. ADH : plasma volume

Increased urination is called ________. a. polydipsia b. polyuria c. diuresis d. both polydipsia and diuresis e. both polyuria and diuresis

Which of the following conditions would be associated with hypernatremia? a. increased plasma sodium b. decreased plasma osmolarity c. increased plasma potassium d. decreased plasma volume e. hypotension

In the renal tubules, the Na+/K+ pump is located ________. a. in the basolateral membrane of the proximal tubules b. in the apical membrane of the descending limb of the loop of Henle c. in the apical membrane of the collecting ducts d. in both the apical and basolateral membranes of principal cells e.in both the apical and basolateral membra nes of intercalated cells

Aldosterone is released from the ________ in response to ________. a. adrenal medulla : decreases in plasma sodium b. adrenal cortex : increases in plasma potassium c. posterior pituitary : increases in plasma osmolarity d. pancreas : increases in plasma glucose e. macula densa : increased flow of tubular fluid in the distal tubule

What role do the macula densa cells have in controlling renin release? a. They release renin in response to an increase in mean arterial pressure. b. They release renin in response to a decrease in mean arterial pressure. c. They detect changes in the pressure of afferent arterioles, and communicate these changes to juxtaglomerular cells, which secrete renin. d. They detect changes in the pressure of efferent arterioles, and communicate these changes to juxtaglomerular cells, which secrete renin. e. They detect changes in the amount of sodium and chloride in the distal tubules, and communicate these changes to juxtaglomerular cells, which secrete renin.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of hyperkalemia? a. diarrhea b. hypotension c. cardiac arrhythmias d. muscle cramps e. nausea

Which of the following hormones is a steroid? a. calcitriol b. antidiuretic hormone c. aldosterone d. both calcitriol and aldosterone e. all of these

Which of the following hormones is derived from vitamin D3? a. aldosterone b. calcitonin c. angiotensin II d. calcitriol e. parathyroid hormone

What hormone decreases plasma calcium levels? a. calcitonin b. calcitriol c. parathyroid hormone d. both calcitonin and calcitriol e. both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

The activity of the respiratory system can increase pH by ________. a. a hyperventilation-induced increase in PCO2 b. a hypoventilation-induced increase in PCO2 c. a hyperventilation-induced decrease in PCO2 d. a hypoventilation-induced decrease in PCO2 increasing amount of carbonic acid in the blood

What is the normal range of blood pH? a. 6.80-7.20 b. 6.90-7.10 c. 6.75-6.95 d. 7.20-7.60 e. 7.35-7.45

The most rapid defense against changes in blood pH involves ________. a. respiratory compensation b. buffering of hydrogen ions c. renal compensation d. cardiac compensation e. hepatic compensation

Severe diarrhea can cause a metabolic acidosis by an increased ________. a. production of bicarbonate b. production of hydrogen ions c. loss of hydrogen ions d. loss of phosphate e. loss of bicarbonate

Severe vomiting can cause a metabolic alkalosis by an increased ________. a. production of bicarbonate b. production of hydrogen ions c. loss of hydrogen ions d. loss of phosphate e. loss of bicarbonate

The addition of an acid to blood will cause ________ as compared with that amount of acid being added to pure water. a. less of a decrease in pH b. less of an increase in pH c. a greater increase in pH d. a greater decrease in pH e. little difference in the pH response of the solution

Changes in ventilation are able to alter the buffering capacity of the blood by affecting ________. a. blood hydrogen ion concentration b. blood phosphate concentration c. cell bicarbonate concentration d. blood PCO2 e. blood protein concentration

Bicarbonate crosses the apical membrane of the proximal tubule by ________. a. HCO3-/Cl- countertransporters b. Na+/HCO3- cotransporters c. conversion to carbon dioxide d. HCO3- active transporters e. Na+/HCO3- countertransporters

A patient is exhibiting several signs of ac id-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.3, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient? a. metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation b. respiratory acidosis with renal compensation c. metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation d. respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation e. none of these, blood pH is normal

A patient is exhibiting several signs of ac id-base imbalance. Blood tests reveal that blood pH is 7.5, and bicarbonate and carbon dioxide levels in blood are both low. What is the state of this patient? a. metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation b. respiratory acidosis with renal compensation c. metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation d. respiratory alkalosis with renal compensation e. none of these, blood pH is normal

If a person with a normal body fluid osmolarity drinks a large quantity of water, which of the following would occur in the absence of normal kidney function? a. Hypervolemia b. Cell shrinkage c. Decreased plasma osmolarity d. All of the above

If someone eats a large quantity of salty potato chips without drinking any water, to correct the situation the kidneys must excrete urine which is higher in: a. volume b. H2O concentration c. osmolarity d. solute concentration

In the absence of ADH, which of the following will decrease? a. Aquaporin synthesis. b. Urine osmolarity. c. The medullary osmotic gradient. d. Urine volume.

The signals controlling ADH release come from: a. osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus b. arterial chemoreceptors c. arterial baroreceptors d. All of the above

People suffering from diabetes insipidus may have increased: a. plasma osmolarity b. urine osmolarity c. ADH levels d. urine volume

When mean arterial pressure increases, which of the following will increase in response? a. GFR b. Water reabsorption. c. Urine volume. d. ADH levels.

The release of renin is stimulated by a decrease in: a. sympathetic nerve activity b. sodium and chloride concentration in the distal tubule c. GFR d. blood volume

Angiotensin II stimulates: a. release of ADH b. release of aldosterone c. vasodilation of arterioles d. release of renin