Biology Chapter 5

25 July 2022
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What is a three carbon sugar called?
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triose
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What is a 5 carbon sugar called?
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pentose
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What is a 6 carbon sugar called?
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hexose
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Is it more common for sugars to come in linear forms or carbon rings?
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rings
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disaccharide
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2 sugars linked together
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glycosidic linkage
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covalent interaction between two monosaccharides that polymerize when a condensation reaction occurs between two hydroxyl groups
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Why does the geometry and location of glycosidic linkages vary?
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because glycosidic linkages from between hydroxyl groups and every monosaccharide contains at least two hydroxyl groups.
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starch
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consists entirely of alpha-glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages -coil into a helix -found in plants stores sugars
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glycogen
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storage of sugars in animals -polymer of alpha-glucose and is nearly identical to starch but has more branching
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cellulose
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polymer of beta-glucose monomers joined by beta-1,4-glysosidic linkages -linear molecule -permits multiple hydrogen bonds to form between adjacent strands of cellulose
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chitin
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polysaccharide that stiffens the cell walls of fungi - involves N-acetylglucosamine joined by beta 1,4- glycosidic linkages
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peptidoglycan
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gives bacterial cell walls strength and fitness -two monosaccharides that alternate joined by beta 1,4-glysosidic linkages - also has a shot chain of amino acids that form peptide bonds with other molecules
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What are the functions of carbohydrates?
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-serve as a substrate for synthesizing more-complex molecules -provide fibrous structural materials - indicate cell identity -store chemical energy
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glycoprotein
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a protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached to it
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why are starch and glycogen efficient energy-storage molecules?
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because they polymerize via alpha-glycosidic linkages
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phosphorylase
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catalyzes the hydrolysis of alpha-glycosidic linkages in glycogen molecules
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Polymers that contain sugars ... (a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells. Both (b) and (c). (a), (b), and (c).
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a,b, and c
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Which feature is shared by all monosaccharides? In their linear forms, they all contain a carbonyl and several hydroxyl functional groups. They all contain more than one sugar. They are all pentoses. In their linear forms, they all contain a carboxyl and several hydroxyl functional groups.
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In their linear forms, they all contain a carbonyl and several hydroxyl functional groups
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The _____ functional group can always be found in a carbohydrate molecule. phosphate hydroxyl amino water
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hydroxyl
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How do the α and β forms of glucose differ? Their linear structures differ in the location of a hydroxyl group. Their ring structures differ in the location of a hydroxyl group. The α form can be involved in 1,4- and 1,6-glycosidic linkages; the β form can participate only in 1,4 linkages. The oxygen atom inside the ring is located in a different position.
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Their ring structures differ in the location of a hydroxyl group.
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What is the difference between an aldose sugar and a ketose sugar? the position of the hydroxyl groups the position of the carbonyl group the number of carbons one is a ring form, the other is a linear chain
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the position of the carbonyl group
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Which of the following structural features is common to cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan? They can all form bonds between polymer chains that create parallel strands. They are all composed of highly branched fibers. They are all composed of glucose in either the α or β form. They all contain peptide bonds.
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They can all form bonds between polymer chains that create parallel strands
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The enzyme amylase can break glycosidic linkages between glucose monomers only if the monomers are the α form. Which of the following could amylase break down? starch and chitin only starch, cellulose, and chitin starch cellulose chitin
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starch
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Both carbohydrates and fats are used as fuel in cells, but fats store twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrates. Which statement best explains why? Fats have more C-C and C-H bonds with high potential energy, and fewer C-O bonds with low potential energy. Fats have more C-O bonds with high potential energy, and fewer C-C and C-H bonds with low potential energy. Fats have more C-O bonds with low potential energy, and fewer C-C and C-H bonds with high potential energy. Fats have more C-C and C-H bonds with low potential energy, and fewer C-O bonds with high potential energy.
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Fats have more C-C and C-H bonds with high potential energy, and fewer C-O bonds with low potential energy
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Carbohydrates that function as structural molecules are extraordinarily resistant to degradation and decay. Which structural feature is most directly responsible? Structural polysaccharides are built with β-1,4-glycosidic linkages, which are very resistant to hydrolysis. Structural polysaccharides are built with α glycosidic linkages, which are very strong All structural polysaccharides contain N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), which is extremely resistant to decay. Structural polysaccharides exist as helices, which are more resistant to hydrolysis than linear chains.
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Structural polysaccharides are built with B-1,4-glycosidic linkages, which are very resistant to hydrolysis