Chapter 4

The element present in all organic molecules is _____.

The complexity and variety of organic molecules is due to _____.

The experimental approach taken in current biological investigations presumes that _____.

Differences among organisms are caused by differences in the _____.

Stanley Miller's 1953 experiments supported the hypothesis that _____.

When Stanley Miller applied heat and electrical sparks to a mixture of simple inorganic compounds such as methane, hydrogen gas, ammonia, and water vapor, what compounds were produced?

Which of the following is true of carbon?

Why is carbon so important in biology?

How many electron pairs does carbon share to complete its valence shell?

A carbon atom is most likely to form what kind of bond(s) with other atoms?

Why are hydrocarbons insoluble in water?

Which of the following statements correctly describes cis-trans isomers?

Research indicates that ibuprofen, a drug used to relieve inflammation and pain, is a mixture of two enantiomers; that is, molecules that _____.

What determines whether a carbon atom's covalent bonds to other atoms are in a tetrahedral configuration or a planar configuration?

Compared to a hydrocarbon chain where all the carbon atoms are linked by single bonds, a hydrocarbon chain with the same number of carbon atoms, but with one or more double bonds, will _____.

Organic molecules with only hydrogens and five carbon atoms cannot _____.

The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____.

The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules differ in the _____.

The figure above shows the structures of glucose and fructose. These two molecules are _____.

The two molecules shown in the figure below are best described as _____.

Which of the following illustrations is NOT a structural isomer of an organic compound with the molecular formula C6H14? For clarity, only the carbon skeletons are shown; hydrogen atoms that would be attached to the carbons have been omitted.

Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?

Which of the pairs of molecular structures shown below do NOT depict enantiomers (enantiomeric forms) of the same molecule?

Thalidomide and L-dopa, shown below, are examples of pharmaceutical drugs that occur as enantiomers, or molecules that _____.

Which of the following molecules is polar? C3H7OH or C2H5COOH

Which of the functional groups below acts most like an acid in water?

A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Therefore, this compound _____.

Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?

Amino acids are acids because they always possess which functional group?

A hydrocarbon skeleton is covalently bonded to an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end. When placed in water this molecule would function _____.

Which chemical group can act as an acid?

Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other? Testosterone and estradiol _____.

What is the name of the functional group shown in the figure below?

Which of the structures illustrated above is an impossible covalently bonded molecule?

In which of the structures illustrated above are the atoms bonded by ionic bonds?

Which functional group shown above is characteristic of alcohols?

Which functional group(s) shown above is (are) present in all amino acids?

Which of the groups shown above is a functional group that helps stabilize proteins by forming covalent cross-links within or between protein molecules?

Which of the groups above is a carboxyl functional group?

Which of the groups above is an acidic functional group that can dissociate and release H+ into a solution?

Which of the groups above is a basic functional group that can accept H+ and become positively charged?

Which molecule shown above would have a positive charge in a cell?

Which molecule(s) shown above is (are) ionized in a cell?

Which molecules shown above contain a carbonyl group?

Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of a ketone? A

Which molecule shown above has a carbonyl functional group in the form of an aldehyde?

Which molecule shown above contains a carboxyl group?

Which molecule shown above can increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution and is, therefore, an organic acid?

Which molecule shown above can form a cross linkage?

Which molecule shown above contains an amino functional group, but is NOT an amino acid?

Which molecule shown above is a thiol?

Which molecule shown above contains a functional group that cells use to transfer energy between organic molecules?

Which molecule shown above can function as a base?

Which of the following is a FALSE statement concerning amino groups? Amino groups _____.