Biology #1

During cleavage, the single large cell of the zygote is converted to a _____.

Name a process that occurs during cleavage.

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding homeotic proteins? -Homeotic proteins contain a particular segment that is 60 amino acids long, and they bind to specific DNA sequences. -Homeotic proteins are not expressed until late in embryonic development. -A homeotic protein can activate some genes and repress other genes. -Homeotic proteins are strikingly similar in almost all eukaryotic organisms.

Name something used by cells of a developing arm to interpret the cells' position in the body?

Someone may have webbed toes because _____.

How many layers of cells are there during gastrulation?

Cell divisions called _____ proceed so rapidly in the developing embryo that there is no growth of the cells between divisions.

Which term describes the embryonic cell divisions that occur without cell growth in mammals?

True or false. Early animal development progresses through distinct stages: first the production of the zygote through fertilization, then cleavage, then the formation of the gastrula, and then the formation of the blastula.

A simple digestive cavity forms during ______.

In sea urchins, the process of fertilization produces a(n) _____.

What is the cortical reaction?

As cleavage continues, a zygote forms into a solid multicellular ball called a(n) _____.

Several hours after fertilization, cleavage results in the formation of a hollow ball of cells called a _____.

The three-layered embryo is the _____.

The _____ eventually develops into the sea urchin's digestive tract.

During gastrulation, invagination occurs at the _____.

In vertebrates, the ectoderm gives rise to the _____.

A sperm performs two functions when fertilizing an egg. A sperm _____.

Suppose that during the embryonic development of a hand, homeotic gene expression is altered such that the dorsal-ventral axis is switched. What is the most likely outcome of this scenario?

Name 3 structures that are derived from the mesoderm.

The function of homeobox peptide is to _____.

What structure develops from mesodermal tissue?

At the end of gastrulation, the ectoderm makes up the

Which of the following processes is most similar to the process of cleavage? -melting a stick of butter in a hot pan -slicing up a pie into eight pieces -inflating a balloon -stringing beads onto a string

Name something that results from cleavage.

When a chemical signal from a group of embryonic cells causes a different, nearby group of cells to embark on a particular developmental course (say, differentiating into a leg), the interaction between the two groups of cells is called

Which of the following events occurs first during embryonic development? -cleavage -neurulation -organ formation -gastrulation

Give the list of the sequence in which most animals develop?

You are observing a developing embryo under a microscope and see that it has a space in the middle of the endoderm, but no features of a notochord are present. In which stage of development is this embryo?

Which of the following is a correct match of cell type with structure? -nerve cell ... closely joined -skin cell ... has a large volume -intestinal cell ... closely joined -muscle cell ... has proteins that slide back and forth -skin cell ... has long extensions

What type of muscle is responsible for contractions of the digestive tract and arteries?

Cardiac muscle is the only muscle composed of _____ fibers.

_____ muscle is attached to bones.

Which of these is an example of negative feedback? -The end product of a reaction sequence shuts down the reaction sequence. -The end product of a reaction sequence speeds up the reaction sequence. -The end product of a reaction sequence has no effect on the reaction sequence. -The first enzyme in a reaction sequence lowers the activation energy of the reaction. -The first enzyme in a reaction sequence makes the free energy change of the reaction more negative.

Which cells are the most critical when it comes to keeping essential tissues active and vital?

Which organ system regulates the water balance of the blood?

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by _____, which are made of _____.

Which of the following is a good example of homeostasis?

Stratified squamous epithelium is well-suited for

Which type of tissue forms a communication and coordination system within the body?

With reference to homeostatic control, what is negative feedback?

Epithelial tissues include _____.

Which of the following is an example of a tissue?

Which of the following is the primary function of the nervous tissue? -structural support of the body -transport and exchange of gases -contraction of muscles -rapid communication of signals

Voice sounds are produced by the _____.

The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.

During inhalation, -the diaphragm and rib muscles contract. -the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. -oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. -the diaphragm relaxes. -air moves up the trachea.

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Which statement is correct? -Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. -Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. -Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. -As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated. -In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

Hemoglobin -is found in blood plasma. -has five subunits. -is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen. -uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. -is the site of cellular respiration.

Which of the following organisms has an open circulatory system?

Which of the following components is not found in all circulatory systems? -A network of blood vessels through which blood travels to all parts of the body -A cavity within the body that allows organs to be bathed directly in blood -A "heart" that pumps fluid throughout the body -Blood

Which of the following statements best describes "deoxygenated" blood? -It has gained oxygen after passing through the heart. -It has lost some of its oxygen after passing through the lungs or gills. -It has lost some of its oxygen to the body's tissues. -It has gained oxygen after passing through the body's tissues.

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in fish is true? -Blood enters the heart ventricle and then is pumped to the atrium. -The chambers of the fish heart contract simultaneously. -Valves in the heart prevent blood from entering more than one chamber at a time. -Oxygen-rich blood is transported from the gills to the heart, which then pumps the blood to the body's cells.

True or false. At the systemic capillary beds in fish, oxygen is released to the cells, which pass carbon dioxide to the blood; this carbon dioxide will eventually be released from the fish at the gill capillary bed.

Which artery supplies the frog's head with oxygenated blood?

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____.

The _____ has(have) the thinnest walls.

Blood pressure is highest in the _____.

Arteries carry blood _____.

Blood returns to the heart via the _____.

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.

From the anterior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left ventricle? -It collects oxygenated blood from the lungs. -It collects deoxygenated blood from the lungs. -It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation. -It pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary circulation.

Which of the following statements about blood circulation in humans is true? -Valves prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and ventricles. -During one cardiac cycle, the two ventricles contract first, and then the two atria contract. -Deoxygenated blood flowing through the pulmonary veins is carried to the right atrium. -As the right ventricle contracts, it sends oxygenated blood through the aorta to all tissues of the body.

True or false? The circulatory system of humans is composed of two loops: the systemic circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, in which blood flows between the heart and the rest of the body.

A ____ is an agent in the environment that has the potential to cause disease.

The ______ is a collection of cells and organs that protect an organism's body from agents that can cause disease.

_______ describes a set of defenses that is always at the ready and is the same whether a particular infectious agent has been encountered before or not.

_______ describes a set of defenses that is customized to each infectious agent, providing a stronger response when an agent has been encountered before.

_______ describes the process of engulfing and destroying a foreign particle.

The _______ is a set of proteins that circulate in the blood, stimulating other defenses to help destroy an invader.

Which of these cells is a phagocytic leukocyte that can engulf a foreign bacterium? -B cell -Macrophage -Cytotoxic T cell -Helper T cell -Plasma cell

_____ interact with the antigen-class II MHC complex presented by macrophages.

B cells that have been stimulated by interleukin-2 develop into _____.

The role of cytotoxic T cells is the secretion of _____, which plays a role in the _____ immune response.

Clonal selection is the division of _____ that have been stimulated by binding to an antigen, which results in the production of cloned _____.

Which of these cells produce and secrete antibodies? -cytotoxic T cells -helper T cells -macrophages -bacterial cells -plasma cells

When digested, proteins are broken down into _____.

When digested, fats are broken down into _____.

Starch is a type of _____.

Your small intestine can absorb ____ without their being further digested.

Which of these enzymes begins the breakdown of starch?

Starch can be broken down into the disaccharide known as _____.

Protein digestion begins in the _____.

What is the main component of gastric juice?

_____ is secreted by the _____ and acts to emulsify _____ in the _____.

What acid is responsible for stomach acidity?

During the process of digestion, large food molecules are broken down into small components that can be absorbed into cells that form the lining of the ______.

Circular foods, villi, and microvilli --tiny projection from the surfaces of cells-- increase the ______ for absorption.

After moving into cells of the intestinal lining, fatty acids and glycerol are recombined into fats, coated with proteins, and transported into ______, which eventually empty into large veins.

Sugars and amino acids pass from the intestinal epithelium and into ______.

The nutrient-laden blood from the intestines is carried in the ______ to the liver.

The liver removes excess ______ from the blood and stores is as glycogen.

The liver also converts nutrients to other essential substances, such as ______, cholesterol, and fats.

BMI would provide the most accurate information to which of the following individuals? -professional football player -body builder -Sumo wrestler -couch potato

What is peristalsis and where does it start?

Name all types of epithelial tissues.

Where can you find stratified squamous epithelium?

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

Where can you find simple columnar epithelium?

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?