BIO102 Chapter 11

If RNA polymerase malfunctions, one of the subunits of rRNA will not be transcribed from DNA. amino acids will not be joined to their tRNA. mRNA cannot bind to rRNA. an mRNA will not be formed. mRNA cannot copy itself.

DNA replication is called semiconservative because one of the two resulting DNA molecules is new. the two resulting DNA molecules each have one new DNA strand and one old strand from the original DNA molecule. both of the resulting DNA molecules are composed of new strands of nucleotides. no extra nucleotides are incorporated into the replicated DNA molecules. the sequence of nucleotides in one strand is conserved, whereas the new DNA molecule consists of a unique sequence of nucleotides

An extra three nucleotides inserted into a gene will cause a frameshift mutation. True False

According to Chargaff's rules, ___ always pairs with ____, and _____ always pairs with _____. A; G; T; C A; T; G; C A; C; G; T C; T; G; A G; U; A; C

The two DNA strands must be separated before DNA replication or transcription can occur. True False

RNA differs from DNA because RNA is double-stranded, whereas DNA is not. may double back and base pair with itself, whereas DNA does not. is never single-stranded, whereas DNA may or may not be. can self-replicate, whereas DNA replication requires enzymes. is replicated along with DNA, but does not require strand separation like DNA does.

Which base is found in DNA, but not in RNA? cytosine uracil thymine adenine guanine

A silent mutation is more likely to occur as a result of a frameshift mutation. a point mutation that does not change the amino acid encoded within the gene. the movement of a transposon into an exon. a point mutation that alters the amino acid encoded within the gene. a large dose of radiation.

The stages of translation are transcription, mRNA processing, and termination. DNA replication, transcription, and termination. initiation, transcription, elongation cycle, and termination. initiation, elongation cycle, and termination. initiation, transcription, mRNA processing, and termination.

The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? DNA to DNA to protein mRNA to DNA to protein DNA to mRNA to protein DNA to tRNA to mRNA to protein DNA to rRNA to protein

Which of the following processes does not occur within the nucleus? DNA replication transcription intron removal translation primary mRNA splicing

_____ is the study of the structure and function of cellular proteins and their interactions; _______ may be employed to us computer algorithms to aid this process. Proteomics; bioinformatics Comparative genomics; bioinformatics Genomics; proteomics Proteomics; comparative genomics Comparative genomics; proteomics

If an organism's DNA contains 20% adenine nucleotides, what percentage of its DNA is composed of thymine nucleotides? 10% 15% 20% 30% 40%

Using three bases to represent each amino acid in a polypeptide ensures that all amino acids are represented at least once by the code. ensures that other organisms can read the code too. ensures that DNA can replicate properly. prevents the wrong amino acid from being incorporated into a protein. prevents early termination of transcription.

Which of the following allows a cell to decipher the genetic code? rRNA tRNA mRNA DNA protein

Which of the following is not an application of transgenic organisms? bacteria that degrade sludge corn plants that are resistant to herbicides bacteria that undergo mutations frequently cattle that secrete therapeutic proteins into their milk carrots that produce influenza virus proteins that can be used as vaccines

Which of the following is not an application of polymerase chain reaction? production of many copies of an unknown piece of DNA making copies of a foreign gene for use in making recombinant DNA DNA fingerprinting of a crime suspect linking two DNA molecules together amplifying mitochondrial DNA sequences

Which process requires the participation of all three types of RNA? transcription translation RNA processing replication complementary base pairing

When DNA fingerprinting is performed, why might an individual possess two different numbers of repeats for the same chromosomal region? Intergenic DNA may vary from one cell to another in the same individual. The individual has different numbers of the same repeated sequence on each homologous chromosome. The sample is contaminated with the DNA of another individual. Each sister chromatid of a chromosome may contain different numbers of repeats. It is not possible for this to occur.

If an organism's DNA contains 17% adenine nucleotides and 33% guanine nucleotides, what percentage of its DNA is composed of cytosine nucleotides? 8.5% 17% 25% 33% 50%

Transgenic plants may have genes from animals inserted into their DNA. True False

Mutations within genes always result in non-functional proteins. True False

If an organism's DNA contains 20% adenine nucleotides, what percentage of its DNA is composed of guanine nucleotides? 10% 15% 20% 30% 40%

The x-ray diffraction pattern of DNA discovered by Rosalind Franklin showed that DNA is helical. has a repeated pattern. is both helical and has a repeated pattern. contains beta sheets arranged in a repeated pattern. contains alpha helices and beta sheets.

Using three bases to represent each amino acid in a polypeptide ensures that all amino acids are represented at least once by the code. ensures that other organisms can read the code too. ensures that DNA can replicate properly. prevents the wrong amino acid from being incorporated into a protein. prevents early termination of transcription

The three steps that are required for DNA replication are unwinding, complementary base pairing, and joining. base doubling, unwinding, and joining. complementary base pairing, transcription, and translation. unwinding, transcription, and translation. unwinding, base doubling, and base pairing.

Mutations are uncommon because DNA repair enzymes often repair errors. physical mutagens such as X-rays seldom damage DNA. DNA is able to repair itself over time. frameshift mutations occur very frequently. transposons are constantly moving throughout the genome.

The steps involved in a single PCR cycle, in the correct order, are cool to allow DNA strands to anneal, heat to allow primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA. heat to denature DNA strands and for primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA. heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow primer to anneal and to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA. cool to denature DNA strands, heat to allow primer to anneal, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA. cool to allow primer to anneal, heat to denature DNA strands, cool to allow DNA polymerase to copy DNA.

During translation, initiation occurs normally, but elongation fails to occur. Which process is mostly likely faulty? translocation of ribosome binding of tRNA-methionine to start codon association of the small and large ribosomal subunits processing of primary mRNA joining of nucleotides

During the elongation cycle of translation, the A site on a ribosome functions in receiving a new tRNA with the correct amino acid. holding a polypeptide as amino acids are added. attaching the small subunits of rRNA to the large subunit. releasing the completed polypeptide. processing the rRNA.

For a DNA strand composed of the sequence AGT in the 5' to 3' direction, the free phosphate is on the ____ nucleotide and the free hydroxyl is on the ____ nucleotide. T; A A; G A; A G; T A; T

DNA replication makes a(n) ____ copy of the DNA strand, while transcription makes a(n) ____ copy of the DNA strand. mRNA; DNA DNA; mRNA DNA; tRNA mRNA; tRNA mRNA; rRNA

What chemical force must be overcome in order to separate the two DNA strands during replication? hydrophobic interactions intrastrand folding ionic bonds phosphodiester bonds hydrogen bonds

mRNA must be processed in the cytoplasm before being used in protein synthesis. True False

The genetic code in bacteria is different than the genetic code in animals and plants. True False

A defect in DNA ligase would most likely cause normal replication, but gaps remain in the sugar-phosphate DNA backbone. failure to remove introns from the primary mRNA. incompletely processed primary mRNA that does not get translated properly. translation to initiate normally, but fail to proceed to elongation. DNA strands to separate normally, but fail to join nucleotides in the growing nucleotide chain.

Failure to remove introns from a primary mRNA would most likely cause irregularities in transcription. abnormal translation. DNA to mutate. DNA replication to fail. transcription to terminate early.

The information contained within a gene is not directly copied into which of the following chemical forms? tRNA, rRNA mRNA, tRNA rRNA, protein mRNA, protein tRNA, protein