Bio Unit 1

Decomposition, the conversion of organic molecules into inorganic molecules, results in the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.

Photosynthetic organisms, such as algae, remove carbon from the atmosphere.

Detritus is composed of dead organic matter and excreted wastes.

Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites.

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen gas to a form that can be used by plants (and other organisms).

A, Assimilation is the uptake of nutrients into an organism.

D and E, Both of these pointers are indicating nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen to a form that plants can use.

B, Nitrification is the conversion of organic nitrogen-containing compounds to nitrites and nitrates.

Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas.

Nitrifying bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites.

Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen gas to a form that can be used by plants (and other organisms).

NO3 - is a nitrate.

NO2 -

soil, This is an abiotic reservoir that is a storage point for many chemicals in between their use in living organisms.

Chemical elements are available in only limited amounts and must be recycled.

Chemical nutrients can be recycled through an ecosystem via biogeochemical cycles. Energy is used during respiration and is not available to higher trophic levels.

contribute to the abiotic reservoir through nutrient cycles

the burning of larger amounts of wood and fossil fuels

water and phosphorus, Water often cycles between land, the oceans, and the atmosphere without a biotic stage. Phosphorus in rocks can leach out, drain into the sea, and be incorporated into new rocks without a biotic stage.

carbon dioxide, Heterotrophs release carbon dioxide during cellular respiration that is then fixed by autotrophs into organic compounds.

atmospheric, Gaseous phosphorus is insignificant.

Nitrogen , Nitrogen fixation by prokaryotes makes nitrogen available to plants.

Ammonia, Ammonia is produced by nitrogen fixation. However, in the soil it is usually converted to ammonium before being taken up by plants.

Nitrogen, The nitrogen cycle contains nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria that reside in the root nodules of legumes.

4.6 billion; 3.5 billion

that organic molecules can be made from inorganic building blocks in the absence of living organisms They were not attempting to replicate the conditions of the early Earth or generate life from nonlife, just to help fill in one gap in scenarios about the origins of life on a prebiotic Earth.

abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules; formation of proteins and nucleic acids; formation of protocells; origin of self-replicating molecules of inheritance

spheres with lipid membranes that concentrate solutes and can even carry out simple metabolic reactions if provided with enzymes

photosynthesis; cellular respiration

at least 3.5 billion years ago; 600 million years ago; 480 million years ago

amino acids and other complex molecules formed in the vessel. This suggested that many of the organic building blocks of life could have arisen on a lifeless early Earth

likely occurred once or at most a few times about 3.9 billion years ago Spontaneous generation is a theory that states that life arises regularly from nonliving matter. Although it does not occur regularly, it apparently did occur at least once in Earth's history, accounting for the presence of life on Earth today.

oxygen (O2)

evaporation of seawater from these surfaces could have concentrated monomers, leading to the formation of polymers through dehydration synthesis Submit

green scum in the water Simple photosynthetic cyanobacteria had arisen by that time.

act as signal receptors to receive signals in cell communication Because of their three-dimensional shapes, proteins are uniquely positioned to bind with specific signaling molecules and receive communications from adjacent cells.

DNA The backbone of a nucleic acid consists of alternating sugar and phosphate groups.

nucleotides DNA is composed of nucleotide units.

double helix

(a) rich in energy and (b) insoluble in water. Excellent! The many C-C and C-H bonds make fats nonpolar and insoluble in water. They can also be oxidized, releasing much energy.

glycerol; water

hydroxyl; carboxyl Fatty acids supply the carboxyl groups; the hydroxyls come from glycerol.

C atoms in the tails and double bonds in the tails

made the fat less fluid.

the most double bonds.

They contain carbonyl groups.

may store hereditary information, may store energy, and may protect cells.

small organic molecules

polymers

protocells

RNA

natural selection

DNA

stromatolites

formation of oxygen

first hoomans

colonization of land by plants

My friend will find it easy to get enough carbohydrates/energy because most are plant based like bread, fruit and pasta My friend will have a harder time consuming lipids. Without meat there will be less lipids in his diet. He could try olive oil and fatty plants like avocados to make sure he has enough for energy storage and balanced hormones. The hardest part for my friend will be protein. Most complete proteins are animals products. He will need to be creative with his choices. He should try quinoa, soy and other high protein plants, so that he can have enough proteins to do all the jobs they do (such as build tissue, fight infection and regulate chemical reactions).

If you are missing nitrogen fixing bacteria, there would be less nitrogen taken out of the air. This will cause the plants to not have enough nitrogen to grow properly. If you are missing denitrifying bacteria too, then there will be nitrogen stuck in the soil. If you are missing the bacteria that decompose then nitrogen will be stuck inside the dead organisms.

You will have plenty of energy from sugar/carbs. You will have plenty of protein from the turkey. These proteins can to lots of jobs: regulate reaction rates, build muscle, protect the body etc.. You will not have much fat and might be tired from no energy storage. You could also have hormone imbalances.

Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ system Organism Population Community Ecosystem

A flask containing chemicals (warm water, CH4, H2, NH3), was shocked with electrical sparks to represent lightning. Then the vapor was cooled and the product was analyzed for new chemicals. The purpose was to see if simple organic compounds could have formed from inorganic chemicals on early Earth. The result was they made amino acids and other organic compounds

a larger prokaryotic cell is engulfing a aerobic (oxygen using) heterotrophic (needs to eat) prokaryotic cell. the engulfed prokaryote is now an organelle, in this case a mitochondria. This cell is now an aerobic eukaryote. These cells will evolve into animals, fungus, some protists. The larger cell is engulfing a autotrophic/photosynthetic (makes its own food) prokaryotic cell. The engulfed prokaryote is now an organelle, in this case a chloroplast. These cells will evolve to become plants and photosynthetic protists like algae