What is the driving force for the filtration of blood by the renal corpuscle?
answer
Higher pressure in glomerular capillaries than in the surrounding Bowman's capsule.
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Which regions of the nephron function independently of hormonal control for the most part?
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Renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, and loop of Henle.
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In which region of the nephron is a steep osmotic gradient created?
answer
Loop of Henle
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Which of the following statements best describes the actions of the hormone ADH on the nephron?
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ADH causes the collecting duct to increase water reabsorption by the surrounding tissue under conditions of dehydration.
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The movement of substances out of the glomerulus and into Bowman's capsule is referred to as _____.
answer
Filtration
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The movement of substances from the blood into the proximal tubule is known as
answer
secretion
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What is reabsorbed from filtrate?
answer
Sodium chloride, glucose, water, amino acids, and bicarbonate ions
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As filtrate moves down the loop of Henle, the surrounding interstitial fluid becomes _____ concentrated than the filtrate, so _____ leaves the filtrate.
answer
More...water
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The most abundant solute in urine is
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urea (and other nitrogenous wastes)
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The solute concentration of the interstitial fluid increases along a gradient running from
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the exterior of the kidney to the center of the kidney
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Glucose is removed from filtrate by
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active transport
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Under the influence of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), _____ is produced.
answer
more concentrated urine
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) makes the _____ permeable to water.
answer
collecting duct
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Voice sounds are produced by the _____.
answer
larynx
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The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
answer
nasal cavity
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Blood returns to the heart via the _____.
answer
pulmonary veins
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From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.
answer
left atrium
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From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.
answer
right atrium
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From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.
answer
inferior vena cava
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What is the function of circulatory system?
answer
It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.
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Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?
answer
The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.
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What is the function of the left ventricle?
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It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation
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Valves
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are flaps of tissue that close when the ventricles contract to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria and also when the ventricles relax to prevent the backflow of blood from exiting vessels to the ventricles
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Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole?
answer
The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria
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Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measur
answer
The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria
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Osmoconformers
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marine environments
Salty H2O, salty tissues, bodies at equilibrium with environment
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Osmoregulators
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Control "osmolarity"
"Stuff in our fluids"-solute
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Marine fish
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Live in a hypertonic environment
Must excrete solutes
Must retain H2O
Marine fishes lose water by osmosis and gain electrolytes by diffusion
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Freshwater fish
answer
Freshwater fishes gain water by osmosis and lose electrolytes by diffusion
Live in a hypotonic environment
Must excrete H2O
Must retain solutes
question
Freshwater fish
answer
f
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