The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to K+ but only slightly permeable to Na+.
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The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to ____ but only slightly permeable to ____. This helps to establish a negative resting membrane potential.
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Both the electrical and chemical gradient. As a positive ion, Na+ wants to move toward negative side of the membrane. Also, because the concentration of Na+ is more concentrated outside of the cell, it wants to diffuse into the inside of the cell.
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During depolarization, which gradient(s) move into the cell?
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-70mV
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What is the value for the resting membrane potential in most neurons?
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Na+ is pumped out of the cell against its electrochemical gradient and K+ is pumped into the cell against its concentration gradient.
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In what direction is each ion pumped to compensate for their constant leakage?
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Na+ and Cl-
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The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside of the cell?
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Local current flows to axon segment, axon segment depolarized to threshold, voltage-gated Na+ channels open, influx of Na+, AP regenerated in adjacent axon segment.
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Place the events involved in propagation of an action potential in the correct order of occurrence.
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Saltatory propagation occurs in *myelinated* axons, in which action potentials *move from one node of Ranvier to another.*
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Saltatory propagation occurs in ____ axons, in which action potentials ____.
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Psuedounipolar
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What is the shape of a sensory neuron?
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Sodium
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What channel is the first to open during an action potential?
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Multipolar
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What is the shape of a motor neuron?
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Tibial nerve
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If you botox the gastronemius muscle, what nerve is affected?
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Norepinephrine
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What neurotransmitter is used during an earthquake?
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Sensory visceral and sensory somatic neurons
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The posterior gray horn contains cell bodies of which neuron type?
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Saltatory propagation
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Presence of schwann cells help propagate?
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Musculoskeletal structures
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For the sympathetic nervous system, what structures to blood vessels dilate to?
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Thoracic and lumbar regions
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The lateral gray horns are only present in which region of the spinal chord?
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Foregut
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Nerves that synapse at the celiac ganglion innervate with what region?
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Weak or absent reflexes
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What is hyporeflexia?
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The action potential can't be produced
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What happens when a drug messes with a sodium channel?
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L4
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Hyporeflexia is defined as an absence of reflex. If this happens at the patellar ligament, which section is affected?
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Median, ulnar and musculocutaneous
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If you happen to cut the medial chord of the brachial plexus, which nerves are affected?
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Myelin insultes it
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What prevents the cell from leaking sodium/ potassium?
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Central nervous system
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What is the direct derivative of the dorsal hollow nerve tube?
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All nerves that exit/enter CNS (always paired, right and left)
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What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?
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Receives input from body wall (skin, musculature), appendages
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What does Somatic sensory/afferent mean?
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Send messages to musculature of body wall (somatopleure)
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What does somatic motor/efferent mean?
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Outer lining of the endoderm (faces the rest of the body)
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What is somatopleure?
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Receive signals from organ of splanchnopleure
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What does visceral sensory/afferent mean?
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The inner lining of viscera (guts)
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What is splanchnopleure?
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Myelin
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Signal degradation is repressed due to insulation by _____.
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Schwann cells
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In the peripheral nervous system, myelin is produced by neuroglial cells called _____.
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Oligodendrocytes
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In the central nervous system, myelin is produced by neuroglial cells called _____.
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Node
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The brief interruption between each axon is called a _____.
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Nerve
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Many axons (neurons) gathered together in the PNS is called a _____.
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Tract
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Many axons (neurons) gathered together in the CNS is called a ____.
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Ganglion (plural: ganglia)
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Cell bodies are concentrated in a spot along a nerve, forming a swelling called a ______.
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Neurons
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_____ maintain a resting electrical charge.
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Polarized
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The plasma (cell) membrane is said to be ____.
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ATP
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What powers the sodium-potassium pump?
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Change in the electrical potential
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A _____ __ ___ ____ _____ across the cell membrane is usually what triggers an impulse.
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Permeability of the cell membrane
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A change in the electrical potential is usually caused by a change in the _____ _ __ __ ______.
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Stimulus
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Permeability change of plasma membrane is caused by a ____.
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Threshold stimulus
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If a stimulus is strong enough to trigger an impulse, it is referred to as a ____ ____.
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Sodium ions
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When threshold is reached, permeability of the membrane changes enough to allow ____ ___ to flood in.
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Depolarization
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Changing the "polarized" condition of the membrane is called ____.
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Action potential
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Depolarization initiates what is called an ____ ____.
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Action potential
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A directional, continued depolarization along an axon is what is known as the _____ ____.
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A connection between two neurons
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What is a synapse?
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Synaptic cleft
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What is the space between the neurons?
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Post synaptic neuron
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Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the ____ _____.
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Direct action
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_____ is through ionotropic effects which alter ion movement across the cell membrane.
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Receptors
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The _____ determine(s) whether it is a direct or indirect action to the cell.
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Femoral nerve
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Quadriceps/hip flexors are innervated by the ____ ____;
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Tibial nerve
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Hamstrings innervate with ____ ____.
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Obturator nerve
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Adductors innervate with ____ ____.
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Gluteal nerve
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Abductors (glutes) innervate with the ____ ____.
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Peroneal (fibular) nerve
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Tibialis anterior innervates with the ____ ____.
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Spinal nerve
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Dorsal and ventral root come together and make a ___ ____.
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Ramus
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The spinal nerve will come out of the vertebra and will immediately branch out, creating a ____.
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Ventral
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Limbs receive innervation from which ramus?
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Autonomic nervous system
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Visceral motor is also known as the ____ ___ ____.
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C5 and C6
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The main nerve roots for the biceps reflex are ____ and ____.
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C6
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The main nerve root for the brachioradialis reflex is ____.
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C7
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The main nerve root for the triceps reflex is ____.
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L4
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The main nerve root for the patellar reflex is ____.
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S1
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The main nerve root for the calcaneal tendon is ____.
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3
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How many layers cover the nerves?
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From deep to superficial: pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
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What 3 layers cover the nerves?
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Plexus
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What is the complex interconnection of adjacent segmental nerves?
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6
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The limbs are multi segmental. How many?
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L2, L3, L4
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The nerve root(s) for the femoral nerve are
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L3, L4
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The nerve root(s) for the obturator nerve are
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L4, L5
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The nerve root(s) for the peroneal nerve are
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L4, L5, S1
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The nerve root(s) for the superior gluteal nerve are
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S1, S2
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The nerve root(s) for the tibial nerve are
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Superior gluteal nerve
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The gluteus medius and gluteus minims innervate with the ____ ____.
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Flexion
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Ventral muscles are involved in what action?
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C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
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What are the 5/6 segmental roots?
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Superior for C4-C6, Middle for C7, Inferior for C8, T1.
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What are the 3 trunks of the 5/6 segmental roots?
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6
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There are _____ divisions of the 3 trunks.
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Dorsal and ventral
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Each of the 3 trunks divides into ____ and ____ divisions.
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3
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Those 6 divisions of the 3 trunks turn into ____ chords.
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Posterior, lateral and medial chords. All dorsal divisions unite to give posterior chord. Lateral and medial chords are ventral divisions.
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What are the 3 chords of the 6 divisions and what divisions go to what chords?
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Axillary and radial for the posterior chord. Musculocutaneous, medial, and ulnar for the lateral and medial chords.
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What are the 5 terminal nerves?
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