an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
question
parts of a life table
answer
-(Nx) numbers of survivors
-(Ix) survivorship
-(mx) fecundity, The number of female offspring produced by each female in the population
-Net reproductive rate (R0): Indicates whether a population is increasing or decreasing
question
continuous growth
answer
Nt=N0e^(rt)
question
discrete growth
answer
Nt=No(lamda)^t
question
Carrying capacity(k)
answer
maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time
question
Given the data in the table, which survivorship curve does Lacerta viviparta best resemble?
answer
Type 2
question
In the lizard species L. vivipara, most females from the colder, mountainous part of the range live much longer than do individuals from warmer, lowland regions. Compared to the lowlands, what life-history trait is expected in lizards living in the mountains?
answer
decreased fecundity
question
Populations grow due to births and ___
answer
immigration
question
The Type III survivorship curve has ___
answer
high initial death rates but later high survivorship (e.g., plants)
question
What is r max in a species like the giant panda?
answer
it is low
question
An example of an age-structure influence on human population size is that ____
answer
populations dominated by juveniles should experience rapid growth
question
UN human population growth projection estimates hinge on __
answer
fertility rates
question
In species like sea turtles with high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity, conservationists can most effectively help them by _
answer
focusing on keeping adults alive
question
Estimate total population size in a mark-recapture study in which 200 individuals were initially marked, and you recaptured 150 of which 50 were marked.
answer
600
question
The study of the Zootoca vivipara lizard showed that ____
answer
the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations
question
A population of orchids currently contains 50 individuals and is expected to sustain an intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.048. Predict the size of the population in 10 years.
answer
80
question
A pair of corals was introduced to new habitat in 2014. Assume they breed only once per year. In 2015, there were 2 pairs. What is the intrinsic rate of increase?
answer
.7
question
How many years will it take for teh coral population to reach 20 individuals?
answer
2.3 yrs
question
How does the population growth rate change as N increases in logistic growth?
answer
it decreases
question
What is the fundamental niche of Chthamalus?
answer
the upper and lower intertidal zones
question
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. What is the result of the association between birds and ants?
answer
Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants
question
The competitive exclusion principle states that ___
answer
it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region
question
Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict if we wished to test Gleason's hypothesis?
answer
Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
question
Which one of the following animals would most likely be defined as a keystone species?
answer
sea otter
question
Which of the following terms do ecologists use to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?
answer
facilitation
question
Succession in an ecological context refers to ____
answer
the sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
question
What makes pioneering plant species successful?
answer
They rapidly colonize soil that is exposed and has few or no competitors already present.
question
What type of species interaction is the shark-remora or orchid-tree host an example of?
answer
commensalism
question
___ diverse communities are more susceptible to invasion.
answer
less
question
What does the right y-axis represent?
answer
resources, with quantity decreasing from bottom to top
question
What does the orange graph line represent?
answer
logistic growth
question
Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth?
answer
-When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.
-As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.
question
Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity?
answer
-the rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.
-The population growth rate equals zero.
-The birth rate equals the death rate.
question
As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance ____
answer
increases
question
Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?
answer
birth rate
question
A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources.
answer
Graph c
question
Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask.
answer
Graph a
question
Is this population of fish represented by the following set growing, stable, or declining?
answer
Declining, since R0 < 1
question
In the accompanying figure, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs with the same probability of dying each year of life?
answer
curve b
question
Using the accompanying life table, calculate the net reproductive rate (R0) for this population.
answer
3.26
question
True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.
answer
True
question
Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity?
answer
genetic variation
question
Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true?
answer
Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.
question
Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?
answer
young populations with few indv.
question
Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?
answer
if N is greater than K population will shrink
question
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1000 individuals in one year.
answer
40 added
question
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?
answer
growth rate will approach zero
question
It is estimated that a flock of wood buffalo crane should be able to sustain an r of 0.085 for the foreseeable future. If the flock currently contains 350 individuals, how long will it take for that population to double?
answer
between 7 and 9 years
question
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?
answer
pyramid
question
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?
answer
inverted pyramid
question
Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?
answer
a rectangle tapering
question
Will this population of lizards stay the same, increase, or decrease over time? See Section 51.6 (Page 1087) .
answer
Increase, since R0 >1
question
Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent?
answer
age classes, in 5 year ranges
question
What do the bars on the graphs represent?
answer
the number of males and females in each age group
question
In 2010, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger?
answer
about .5 million
question
The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored blue?
answer
The people in that age class are of reproductive age.
question
The 2010 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________.
answer
increasing
question
In Canada in 2010, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid?
answer
a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945
question
Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of Canada in 2030 will likely differ from that in 2010.
answer
The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.
question
Was it really important to carry out these experiments on many rocks at many different experimental sites?
answer
Yes, an individual rock and an individual site may have odd results due to unusual and unpredictable events.
question
In the accompanying figure, which species is the stronger competitor?
answer
species 1
question
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____.
answer
expand its realized niche
question
As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of _____.
answer
resource partitioning
question
What is the combination of resources used and conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors called?
answer
fundamental niche
question
There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of ___
answer
more intense solar radiation
question
According to the figure shown, a species has the highest chance of extinction when _____
answer
the island is small and remote
question
Which of the following is a prediction of the high-productivity hypothesis that is proposed to explain the latitudinal gradient in species diversity?
answer
Speciation rates increase as niche differentiation occurs.
question
Why does it take 10 times more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat?
answer
Cattle only integrate 10 percent of their food into biomass.
question
Why might one get mercury poisoning from eating tuna every day, but not from eating sardines from the same water? See Section 53.1 (Page 1118) .
answer
tuna biomagnify the mercury
question
Why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels?
answer
There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.
question
What is net primary productivity (NPP)?
answer
Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed
question
What percent of total nitrogen fixation is caused by human activity?
answer
Roughly 75 percent
question
Which of the following is the largest reservoir in the carbon cycle?
answer
ocean
question
study conducted at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest watershed areas provided experimental evidence that __
answer
deforestation increases the rate of nutrient loss from ecosystems
question
Which human activity has the most direct impact on the global water cycle? See Section 53.2 (Page 1124) .
answer
Building of impervious city streets and sidewalks
question
competition
answer
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
question
character displacement
answer
differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur, but are minimized or lost where the species' distributions do not overlap
question
late successional species
answer
Plants that have slow growth, long lifespans, are shade tolerant, and have long lasting seeds
question
early successional species
answer
species that can grow rapidly in disturbed conditions and therefore are the first to dominate in primary or secondary succession.
question
Why Is Energy Lost at Each Trophic Level?
answer
productivity is greatest at the lowest trophic level and declines at higher levels
question
density dependent factors
answer
factor that limits a population more as population density increases
question
density independent factors
answer
weather and climate, exert their influences on population size regardless of the population's density
an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population
question
parts of a life table
answer
-(Nx) numbers of survivors
-(Ix) survivorship
-(mx) fecundity, The number of female offspring produced by each female in the population
-Net reproductive rate (R0): Indicates whether a population is increasing or decreasing
question
continuous growth
answer
Nt=N0e^(rt)
question
discrete growth
answer
Nt=No(lamda)^t
question
Carrying capacity(k)
answer
maximum number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time
question
Given the data in the table, which survivorship curve does Lacerta viviparta best resemble?
answer
Type 2
question
In the lizard species L. vivipara, most females from the colder, mountainous part of the range live much longer than do individuals from warmer, lowland regions. Compared to the lowlands, what life-history trait is expected in lizards living in the mountains?
answer
decreased fecundity
question
Populations grow due to births and ___
answer
immigration
question
The Type III survivorship curve has ___
answer
high initial death rates but later high survivorship (e.g., plants)
question
What is r max in a species like the giant panda?
answer
it is low
question
An example of an age-structure influence on human population size is that ____
answer
populations dominated by juveniles should experience rapid growth
question
UN human population growth projection estimates hinge on __
answer
fertility rates
question
In species like sea turtles with high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity, conservationists can most effectively help them by _
answer
focusing on keeping adults alive
question
Estimate total population size in a mark-recapture study in which 200 individuals were initially marked, and you recaptured 150 of which 50 were marked.
answer
600
question
The study of the Zootoca vivipara lizard showed that ____
answer
the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations
question
A population of orchids currently contains 50 individuals and is expected to sustain an intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.048. Predict the size of the population in 10 years.
answer
80
question
A pair of corals was introduced to new habitat in 2014. Assume they breed only once per year. In 2015, there were 2 pairs. What is the intrinsic rate of increase?
answer
.7
question
How many years will it take for teh coral population to reach 20 individuals?
answer
2.3 yrs
question
How does the population growth rate change as N increases in logistic growth?
answer
it decreases
question
What is the fundamental niche of Chthamalus?
answer
the upper and lower intertidal zones
question
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. What is the result of the association between birds and ants?
answer
Birds benefit from the association but have no impact on the ants
question
The competitive exclusion principle states that ___
answer
it is not possible for two species with the same niche to coexist in the same region
question
Recall that Clements's view of biological communities is that of a highly predictable and interrelated structure, while Gleason's view of biological communities is that individual species operate independently. If we set up many identical sterilized ponds in the same area and allowed them to be colonized, what should we predict if we wished to test Gleason's hypothesis?
answer
Different plankton communities will develop in all ponds.
question
Which one of the following animals would most likely be defined as a keystone species?
answer
sea otter
question
Which of the following terms do ecologists use to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism?
answer
facilitation
question
Succession in an ecological context refers to ____
answer
the sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
question
What makes pioneering plant species successful?
answer
They rapidly colonize soil that is exposed and has few or no competitors already present.
question
What type of species interaction is the shark-remora or orchid-tree host an example of?
answer
commensalism
question
___ diverse communities are more susceptible to invasion.
answer
less
question
What does the right y-axis represent?
answer
resources, with quantity decreasing from bottom to top
question
What does the orange graph line represent?
answer
logistic growth
question
Which of the following statements are true of logistic growth?
answer
-When the population reaches carrying capacity, it stops growing.
-As the population approaches carrying capacity, it grows more slowly.
question
Which of the following statements are true of a population at carrying capacity?
answer
-the rate at which resources are used is equal to the rate at which they are supplied.
-The population growth rate equals zero.
-The birth rate equals the death rate.
question
As a population approaches carrying capacity, environmental resistance ____
answer
increases
question
Which of the following factors does not contribute to environmental resistance?
answer
birth rate
question
A female darkling beetle laid her eggs in a sack of corn meal. The corn meal was an excellent source of food for the beetle larvae (mealworms), and the beetle population quickly increased. After four months, the beetles had eaten all of the corn meal, and the adult beetles flew away to find new food sources.
answer
Graph c
question
Scientists grew a population of yeast cells in a flask to which they provided a constant supply of nutrients. As the population of yeast cells increased, competition for the nutrients also increased. This caused the population to grow more slowly, until the rate at which the yeast cells used the nutrients was equal to rate at which the nutrients were supplied to the flask.
answer
Graph a
question
Is this population of fish represented by the following set growing, stable, or declining?
answer
Declining, since R0 < 1
question
In the accompanying figure, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs with the same probability of dying each year of life?
answer
curve b
question
Using the accompanying life table, calculate the net reproductive rate (R0) for this population.
answer
3.26
question
True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.
answer
True
question
Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity?
answer
genetic variation
question
Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true?
answer
Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.
question
Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth?
answer
young populations with few indv.
question
Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true?
answer
if N is greater than K population will shrink
question
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.06 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an estimate of the total number of individuals added to (or lost from) a population of 1000 individuals in one year.
answer
40 added
question
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?
answer
growth rate will approach zero
question
It is estimated that a flock of wood buffalo crane should be able to sustain an r of 0.085 for the foreseeable future. If the flock currently contains 350 individuals, how long will it take for that population to double?
answer
between 7 and 9 years
question
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to increase in size will have what shape?
answer
pyramid
question
Ignoring migration, the age structure of a human population likely to decrease in size will have what shape?
answer
inverted pyramid
question
Ignoring migration, the age structure diagram of a human population likely to maintain a relatively stable size will have what shape?
answer
a rectangle tapering
question
Will this population of lizards stay the same, increase, or decrease over time? See Section 51.6 (Page 1087) .
answer
Increase, since R0 >1
question
Look at the age-structure pyramids. The numbers between the bars (in the middle of the graphs) serve as the y-axis. What do these numbers represent?
answer
age classes, in 5 year ranges
question
What do the bars on the graphs represent?
answer
the number of males and females in each age group
question
In 2010, how many 25- to 29-year-old women lived in Niger?
answer
about .5 million
question
The colors of the bars on the graphs indicate the life stage of the people in that age class. What does it mean if a bar is colored blue?
answer
The people in that age class are of reproductive age.
question
The 2010 age-structure pyramid for Niger indicates that the population of Niger ________.
answer
increasing
question
In Canada in 2010, people between the ages of 45 and 54 made up the largest percentage of the population. What factor is most likely to have caused this bulge in the age pyramid?
answer
a surge in the birth rate after World War II ended in 1945
question
Assuming that current trends continue, predict how the age structure of Canada in 2030 will likely differ from that in 2010.
answer
The proportion of the population made up of older adults (65+) will increase.
question
Was it really important to carry out these experiments on many rocks at many different experimental sites?
answer
Yes, an individual rock and an individual site may have odd results due to unusual and unpredictable events.
question
In the accompanying figure, which species is the stronger competitor?
answer
species 1
question
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____.
answer
expand its realized niche
question
As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap, the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory and isolate the two different species, you discover that the offspring of both species are found to be nocturnal. You have discovered an example of _____.
answer
resource partitioning
question
What is the combination of resources used and conditions tolerated in the absence of competitors called?
answer
fundamental niche
question
There are more species in tropical areas than in places more distant from the equator. This is probably a result of ___
answer
more intense solar radiation
question
According to the figure shown, a species has the highest chance of extinction when _____
answer
the island is small and remote
question
Which of the following is a prediction of the high-productivity hypothesis that is proposed to explain the latitudinal gradient in species diversity?
answer
Speciation rates increase as niche differentiation occurs.
question
Why does it take 10 times more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat?
answer
Cattle only integrate 10 percent of their food into biomass.
question
Why might one get mercury poisoning from eating tuna every day, but not from eating sardines from the same water? See Section 53.1 (Page 1118) .
answer
tuna biomagnify the mercury
question
Why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels?
answer
There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.
question
What is net primary productivity (NPP)?
answer
Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed
question
What percent of total nitrogen fixation is caused by human activity?
answer
Roughly 75 percent
question
Which of the following is the largest reservoir in the carbon cycle?
answer
ocean
question
study conducted at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest watershed areas provided experimental evidence that __
answer
deforestation increases the rate of nutrient loss from ecosystems
question
Which human activity has the most direct impact on the global water cycle? See Section 53.2 (Page 1124) .
answer
Building of impervious city streets and sidewalks
question
competition
answer
the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources
question
character displacement
answer
differences among similar species whose distributions overlap geographically are accentuated in regions where the species co-occur, but are minimized or lost where the species' distributions do not overlap
question
late successional species
answer
Plants that have slow growth, long lifespans, are shade tolerant, and have long lasting seeds
question
early successional species
answer
species that can grow rapidly in disturbed conditions and therefore are the first to dominate in primary or secondary succession.
question
Why Is Energy Lost at Each Trophic Level?
answer
productivity is greatest at the lowest trophic level and declines at higher levels
question
density dependent factors
answer
factor that limits a population more as population density increases
question
density independent factors
answer
weather and climate, exert their influences on population size regardless of the population's density
Haven't found what you need?
Search for quizzes and test answers now
Quizzes.studymoose.com uses cookies. By continuing you agree to our cookie policy
