APUSH UNIT 8 NOTECARDS

26 August 2022
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Modernism
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A cultural movement during the early 1900's, people went against traditional ideals, promoted technology and the forms of expression that were different and unique to the current time.
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Sacco & Vanzetti
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Italian born Immigrants that were tried and convicted of armed robbery and sentence to death in the electric chair. Both died of unfair justice, there was not enough evidence to really convict them, but were convicted mostly in part to their race.
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Immigration Act of 1924
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Law that limited the number of immigrants allowed in the U.S. on a yearly basis to 2% of the population of that particular race already in the U.S.
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Fundamentalism
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Literal interpretation of a spiritual book, usually the bible. Is the opposing side of Evolutionism
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John T. Scopes
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Arrested for teaching evolution in a school in Tennessee. Ended up being in a huge court case in which was the Fundamentalists vs Modernist, where the evolution side won.
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Clarence Darrow
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Defended John Scopes in trial and made William Jennings Bryan look like a fool when he argued for the bible to be a text book in school and read literally.
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Scopes monkey trial
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Trial in which John Scopes was accused of teaching evolution in school. Was a case of evolutionism vs creationism, Scopes won.
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Eighteenth Amendment
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Banned the sale of, consumption or the making of alcoholic beverages.
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Speakeasy
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An illegal bar that served liqueur during the time of prohibition, usually tended to be underground to hide from law enforcement.
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H.L. Mencken
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Young author who criticized marriage, democracy, patriotism, along with many other things. Also sometimes referred to as "Bad Boy of Baltimore"
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"Jazz Age"
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During the time of the 1920's, was named the "Jazz Age" because of the wide popularity of the new music Jazz which combined african rhythms, blues, and ragtime music.
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Margaret Sanger
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The first person to open a birth control clinic in the U.S. She was a nurse in New York who had seen the effects of unwanted pregnancy and wanted to help create legalization of birth control.
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F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Was the author of the book "The Great Gatsby" also was seen as a modernist and was part of the "Jazz Age"
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Alice Paul
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Head of the National Women's Party, helped get the amendement to the constitution for equal rights of women. Also put down any legislation to protect women in the work-force because it showed they were lesser than men.
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Comstock Law
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Law that banned any mail that seemed to promote lust, or sexual things or even birth control.
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Nineteenth Amendment
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The amendment adopted to the constitution that gave all women the right to vote. It was adopted in 1920.
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Harlem Renaissance
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A period in the 1920's where African American culture flourished from literature, to art, even in music. Started to really become evident in Harlem, New York hence the name Harlem Renaissance.
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Claude McKay
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A big poet during the Harlem Renaissance who was most known for his poem "If We Must Die" which was written soon after the Chicago Riot.
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Marcus Garvey
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Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, many poor blacks turned to him for help. Wanted blacks to go back to "African Homeland" and supported black stores and markets to keep $ in blacks pockets.
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Jean Toomer
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He was considered the most talented writers of the Harlem Renaissance. His work "Cane" became recognized as one of the greatest works of the Harlem Renaissance.
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; was a civil rights organization for African Americans to protect their rights as people against segregation, discrimination and racism.
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T.S. Elliot
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Was a great poet who wrote the poem "Waste Land" which was one of the most influential poems of the century.
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Gertrude Stein
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An American writer who wrote experimental plays, essays, novels etc, and also was an included in a group of expatriates with people like Ernest Hemingway.
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Ernest Hemingway
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One of the most popular writers in the 1920's was an expatriate and also one a Literary Nobel prize.
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Southern Renaissance
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Rebirth of Literature and Art etc in the south during the 1920's and 1930's
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Thomas Wolfe
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Southern renaissance writer who became famous with for his novel, Look Homeward, Angel, which scandalized the community.
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William Faulkner
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Author in the 1930s who wrote about the history of the deep south, told it in fictional almost imaginative way. He was famous for some of his works such as "The Sound and the Fury" and "As I Lay Dying".
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Normalcy
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Trying to return to "Normal Life" after the conclusion of WWI.
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Ohio Gang
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The group of Warren Hardings "advisers" that really were corrupt drunk gamblers who stole money from the government.
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Warren G. Harding
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He was the president after WWI who promised to return the US back to normal, or the way it was before the war. Brought about the concept of "Normalcy"
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Revenue Act of 1926
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Reduces maximum tax rate from 65% to 50%. Encourage people to invest, spend, and save which helped the economy and gave more people jobs.
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Teapot Dome Scandal
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A scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921 where they drilled oil and sold it to the government off of their own reserve. It became symbolic of the scandals of the Harding administration
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Charles A. Lindbergh
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First to fly solo across the Atlantic ocean and arrived in Paris France. Captured the publics imagination for flight.
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Amelia Earhart
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First Female pilot to fly across the Atlantic, she was reported missing when flying around the wold.
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Herbert Hoover
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Was president during the Stock Market crash which started the great depression. Many people disliked him for not doing much to help fix the depression and was defeated by FDR when he re-ran.
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Associationalism
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A term used by Herbert Hoover. When government and business had associations that would cooperate to find an efficient middle road. ! way of voluntary cooperation.
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McNary-Haugenism
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Wanted to dump American surplus farm crops to other countries to raise prices in domestic areas.
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American Plan
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Term that some U.S. employers in the 1920s used to describe their policy of refusing to negotiate with unions. A Policy promoted by business leaders to have "open shops" rather than "closed shops" often business would add insurance and pensions etc.
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Welfare Capitalism
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Labor relations where companies meet some of their workers' needs and wants, without the institutions of unions. Often helped stop or avoid strikes and keept productivity high.
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Yellow-Dog Contract
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Some companies forced workers to say they would not join unions, mainly was used to put down unions and stop the growing of them.
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Gastonia Strike
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One of the most famous strikes of the century, took place in North Carolina. Workers went on strike because they had to work 10-12 hours in 90 degree weather.
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Alfred E. Smith
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Former governor of New York who ran against Herbert Hoover, was agains't prohibition and was also the first Catholic to be elected to run for president.
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Smoot-Hawley Tariff
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Tariff that Hoover implemented to try and keep spending in the U.S. Started to demote international trade between almost all countries when they all really needed it the most.
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Margin
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The amount someone give to someone as collateral when borrowing money to buy something.
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Hoovervilles
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Little towns that held many homeless people created by the Great Depression, was named Hoovervilles because president Hoover was said to be the main reason there were so many homeless.
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Bonus Expeditionary Force
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Thousands of WWI Veterans who marched on washington demanding they get paid there bonuses immediately instead of later in their lives.
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New Deal
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The plan implemented by FDR during and after the Great Depression, wasn't really a plan more of just things FDR thought that would help fixe the economy and help the U.S. overall, generally his policies worked.
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Franklin Delanor Roosevelt
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President of the U.S, was the only president ever elected 4 times (which is no longer possible due to the 22nd amendment) Helped bring the country out of the Great Depression and was President during WWII as well.
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Hundred Days
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The special session of congress that FDR asked for to implement his New Deal programs, it lasted 100 days, hence the name.
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Emergency Banking Relief Act
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It gave FDR the power over the banking system, where banks would be reorganized or reopened, many banks were inspected before they were able to reopen.
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Work Progression Administration
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Created in 1935 under the New Deal, it aimed to stimulate the economy during the Great Depression and helped unemployed persons by providing them useful work. During its existence, it employed 8.5 million people.
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Dust Bowl
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The Great Plains that experienced a exponential drought in 1930 lasting for nearly a decade. It left many farmers without work or money.
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National Recovery Administration
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Agency created in the New Deal, helped regulate wages and hours, more people worked for less hours.
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National Industrial Recovery Act
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Focused on employing the unemployed, made regulations for business they had to follow to keep the fair competition laws.
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Tennessee Valley Authority
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A New Deal agency that was created to help create jobs around the Tennessee River Valley to help create many dams that provided electricity as well. Something very similar was originally vetoed by Herbert Hoover
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Okies
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Name given to farmers that had to move during the great depression, many of them moved to Oklahoma hence the name Okies.
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John Steinbeck
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A famous American writer who wrote "The Grapes of Wrath". Which was a story of Dustbowl victims who travel to California to look for a better life.
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Elanor Roosevelt
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First lady, who acted as president's eyes and ears, she was a big advocate for women's rights and African American equality and rights as well. Broke the law knowingly in supporting these things, but law enforcement didn't do anything because she was the first lady.
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Huey Long
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Opposed FDR's New Deal and was about "share our wealth" promised every family 5k in the U.S.
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John Maynard Keynes
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British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, that the government had to spend money which would encourage investment and consumption in the economy. So budget spending vs. budget cuts.
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Charles "Father" Coughlin
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Catholic priest who used his radio program to criticize the New Deal. As he went on he continued to grow as an anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until he was pulled off of the air.
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Wagner Act
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A New Deal legislation that established secured workers the right to bargain collectively, stopped anti-unionism and helped established the National Labor Relations Board.
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Social Security Act
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Gave people over the age of 65 retirement money, also set up state insurances where mothers and children could get help with money etc.
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Court-Packing Plan
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FDR's failed plan to increase the Judges on the Supreme Court to 9, he tried to do this so he could be able to have a pro-roosevelt court.