APUSH UNIT 13

Encouraged traditional values, individualism, and the centrality of the family.

Acted against the 1960s liberalism. Took tough anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy. Championed free-market capitalism liberated from gov't restraints. Questioned liberal forms of welfare programs and affirmative action policies.

1978. Supreme Court ruled that a state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race. Ruled in favor of Bakke and that racial quotas are unconstitutional.

Five men, "plumbers," were arrested for breaking into Democratic headquarters in Washington, D.C., on June 17, 1972, to repair a bugging device that had been previously installed. Nixon's administration began an all-out effort to cover up the scandal. A Senate hearing began in early 1973 and dragged on, which kept the story alive in the news for the next year and a half. Information was slowly revealed that incriminated the president's closest advisers. It was discovered that Nixon had secretly taped all conversations in the White House. The Senate demanded them, and Nixon refused to turn them over, claiming executive privilege. More former Nixon associates were jailed. The Supreme Court ordered Nixon to turn the tapes over to the Senate. Rather than face impeachment, Nixon resigned in August 1974.

38th president (1974-1977). Nixon's VP. Took office after Nixon's resignation and almost immediately granted Nixon a pardon, thereby preventing a trial, which provoked widespread outrage and strengthened the Democratic Party. He replaced Nixon's first VP, Spiro Agnew, who resigned in 1973 when faced with impending criminal charges. He chose Nelson Rockefeller as his VP. It was the first time that neither the president nor the VP had been elected by the public. He was known for his integrity and humility. His credibility was damaged when Chevy Chase parodied him on SNL. In the election of 1976, he was defeated by Democrat Jimmy Carter.

39th president (1977-1981). Democrat. Governor of GA. Beat Ford in the election of 1976 by carrying most of the South and an estimated 97% of the African American vote. He lived a modest lifestyle, and he was religiously committed. His status as a Washington outsider against corruption appealed to the nation recovering from the scandals of the Nixon administration. He appointed Andrew Young, an African American, to serve as the US ambassador to the UN. He cut off aid to Argentina and Chile. He worked hard to combat the continuing economic woes of inflation and unemployment. He dealt with the energy shortage by establishing a national energy policy. He sought to improve the environment. His expansion of the national park system included protection of 103 million acres of Alaskan lands. To increase human and social services, he created the Department of Education, bolstered the Social Security system, and appointed record numbers of women, blacks, and Hispanics to Government jobs. The same day that he left office, Iran finally released the American hostages.

Trying desperately to cope with the economic predicament spawned by OPEC, both Ford and Carter dismally failed. In the summer of 1979, instability in the Middle East produced a major fuel shortage in the US, and OPEC announced a major price increase in gas. Carter gave a speech (fireside chat) that included a series of proposals for resolving the energy crisis.

Situation that began on November 4, 1979, when Iranian demonstrators seized 66 US diplomats, CIA officers, citizens, and military attachés to protest President Carter's permitting the deposed shah of Iran to enter the US for medical treatment. Carter refused to return the shah of Iran for trial, instead freezing Iranian assets in US banks and placing an embargo on Iranian oil. It contributed to Carter's defeat in the 1980 election.

40th president (1981-1989). Republican. Governor of CA. Ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. Obtained legislation to stimulate economic growth, curbed inflation, increased employment, and strengthened the national defense. He embarked upon a course of cutting taxes and Government expenditures, refusing to deviate from it when the strengthening of defense forces led to a large deficit. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He sought to achieve "peace through strength." During his two terms he increased defense spending 35 percent, but sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union. In dramatic meetings with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, he negotiated a treaty that would eliminate intermediate-range nuclear missiles. During his presidency, there was a restoration of prosperity.

"Trickle down" economics. Meant to fix the struggling economy of the 70s. Held that cutting taxes would actually increase revenue. Cut taxes for the upper class and businesses, reduced government regulation, and provided less money for social programs.

Deadly disease that disproportionately afflicted gay men in the US. Gained attention in the early 1980s, and gay men and lesbians organized to demand more funding for research, education, and treatment. Thousands died. No one had real knowledge of it and thought it was just a "gay disease." It was discovered that it was spread through blood (sharing needles - drugs).

Dubbed "Star Wars." It was a project intended to deploy lasers in space to destroy enemy missiles before they could reach their targets. Reagan backed research on the project despite doubts about the system's feasibility and despite Soviet claims that it violated the SALT talks. It bloated the defense budget. Reagan used the idea as a scare tactic for the Soviets.

There were reports that the Nicaraguan insurgents were torturing and murdering civilians, which led Congress to cut off aid to the group, but the Reagan administration was so fully committed to them and opposed to the Sandinistas, who were Communists, that the Reagan administration decided to sell arms to Iran in return for Iran working for the release of American hostages in Lebanon. Profits from the arms sales were secretly funneled to insurgents, "Contras," in Nicaragua to buy guns. This violated US policy of not bargaining with terrorists, US neutrality in the Iran-Iraq war, and a congressional ban on aid to the Contras. The affair became public knowledge in November 1986 and led to seven individuals pleading guilty. Supporters claimed that the president had not broken any laws and that his goals were good ones.

Soviet premier who led the USSR from 1985 until its collapse in 1991. He wanted to democratize the government and decentralize the economy. He stimulated the inefficient economy by introducing elements of free enterprise and by proclaiming an era of glasnost, eventually allowing new political parties. He also initiated disarmament talks with the US as well as the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, which helped thaw US-Soviet relations and lead to the end of the Cold War.

41st president (1989-1993). Republican. Ran against Michael Dukakis in the 1988 election. His presidency coincided with the disintegration of SU. He promised to be hard on crime and stated that there would be no new taxes. Sent American troops into Panama to overthrow the corrupt regime of General Manuel Noriega, who was brought to the United States for trial as a drug trafficker. He was unable to withstand discontent at home from a faltering economy, rising violence in inner cities, and continued high deficit spending. His decision to raise taxes contributed to his defeat in the 1992 election to Bill Clinton.

Prohibited discrimination against citizens with physical and mental disabilities in hiring, transportation, and public accommodations.

A situation in which government is incapable of acting on important issues, usually because of divided government.

An undeclared war on Iraq that started on January 16, 1991, with relentless bombing. Then followed by a ground invasion February 23, which only lasted 4 days. It consisted mostly of massive air strikes against strategic Iraqi targets. American forces liberated Kuwait from Saddam Hussein.

40-day air war against Iraq that began on January 17, 1991. The air attacks severely crippled Iraq and massive ground troops entered Kuwait on February 23, forcing Iraq to withdraw. American dependence on oil and concern about the rule of law led President George H. W. Bush to push for a forceful response to the Iraqi aggression. Although Americans judged the war as a clear victory, it failed to stabilize the Middle East.

Military policy announced by President Clinton in 1993 that barred officials from questioning the sexuality of military personnel but permitted the dismissal of personnel who admitted to being gay.

Law signed by President Clinton in 1996 that barred the federal government from recognizing state-licensed same-sex marriages.

Independent prosecutor appointed to investigate the Clintons' Whitewater real estate dealings in Arkansas. In 1998, he began investigating the accusation that President Clinton had had sexual relations with a White House intern and then lied about it to a federal grand jury. His report led to the Clinton's impeachment.

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

Signed in 1993. Established by President Clinton. It opened free trade with Canada and Mexico and allowed the flow of increased goods, services, and jobs across the international borders by lessening and eliminating tariffs. It was strongly criticized by organized labor and conservative groups who viewed it as selling American jobs to cheap labor across the border and that it compromised America's sovereignty.

Passed to decrease the number of illegal immigrants in US. It penalized employers of illegal immigrants and granted amnesty to two million immigrants who had been in the country before 1982. It did not significantly reduce illegal immigration.

43rd president (2001-2009). Republican. Son of the 41st president. Beat Al Gore in the 2000 election. He pushed tax cuts favoring the wealthy and reductions in environmental regulations and social welfare programs. He formed a new cabinet-level Department of Homeland Security. He sent American forces into Afghanistan to break up the Taliban. "Wartime president." After the 9/11 attacks, he led the US attack on Afghanistan, which sheltered Al Qaeda terrorists. In 2003, he waged preemptive war against Iraq despite opposition from most major nations. Bush won reelection in 2004 despite growing criticism of the Iraq War.

TN senator who served as Bill Clinton's VP from 1993 to 2001. He lost his own bid for the presidency in 2000 after the Supreme Court intervened to end vote recounts in Florida. Although he won the popular vote, he lost to George W. Bush in the electoral college.

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the November 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant that Bush would win the election.

Legislation promoted by President Bush and approved by Congress in 2002 to improve US schools. It penalized schools that failed to meet annual testing standards and allowed parents to transfer their children out of such schools. It also authorized a 20% increase in federal aid to poor districts. In practice, it gave schools unfunded mandates at a time when state and local governments faced budget crises.

Approved by Congress in October 2001 due to the 9/11 attacks. It widely expanded the government's ability to monitor the activities of Americans and investigate people suspected of terrorism. Criticized by some as violating civil liberties. Congress reauthorized it in March 2006 after adding a number of civil liberties protections.

National security policy to guide the US military in addressing terrorism. Holds that the US has the right to wage a preventive war and attack another country if it represents a threat to the security of the US. Its goal was to spread democracy, especially in the Middle East.

Without winning support of UN Security Council, the US launched a war on March 19, 2003, with an air attack. In less than 4 weeks, a combination of US and British armed forces overran Iraqi defenses, captured the capital (Baghdad), and ended Hussein's dictatorship.

Initiated by President George W. Bush after 9/11. It was a phrase used to express the reason that American troops invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 was to search for Osama bin Laden and weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world.