APUSH Chapter 2

A "city upon a hill" was how John Winthrop worded that the Puritans that went to "new" England were an example to the morally corrupt England.

John Winthrop created a new culture in what he called "new" England because john and his people believed England was morally corrupt. This was a huge cultural change for the Natives as well.

Massachusetts Bay was an early English colony in 1629. It was a Puritan settlement. Massachusetts Bay impacted the culture of the English by providing a large religious settlement.

Puritans wondered whether it was right to invade the Native Americans but John Winthrop concluded that because the Natives were dying off the Puritans were superior in God's eyes. After being treated with brutality, Pequot warriors attacked Puritan farmers for intruding on their land, and, in response, were massacred. This diplomatic event of cultural "superiority" set the example for years to come.

Anne Hutchinson dealt with the morals of the Puritan church. She challenge the puritan culture with unconventional views on God's grace, sex superiority, and with accusations against Boston Clergymen. Hutchinson was found to be guilty of heretical views and was banished.

Roger Williams was the minister of the Puritan church in Salem, Boston. Williams was in favor of the separation of church and state in Plymouth and questioned the Puritan's seizure of Indian Lands. Because of his clashing political views, the Puritan Magistrates banished him to maintain their political system.

After Roger Williams was banished from his colony in Massachusetts, he settled 50 miles south of that. The settlers received a corporate charter from parliament for a new colony with total religious freedom - Rhode Island. This was a very significant political change.

Puritanism is a denomination of sorts of Christianity whom ventured to the New World in hopes of preserving purity in their religion. The puritans were very concerned with morals, however, believed themselves superior to the Natives and brutally killed them. This moral concern was a strong aspect of their culture that remained for a long time.

Praying towns were designated towns in which Native Americans were to learn the complexities of the Puritan religion. The Native Americans lost their culture and independence.

Proprietors were appointed people in Puritan villages who distributed land among male heads of families. This was a very political process in which the Puritans controlled who got land, where, and how much.

Town Meetings were where all adult men in the puritan villages voted for land distribution. This was the primary source of government.

General Courts were the process of appointing proprietors to distribute land. It was a very political and exclusive process.

King Philip's War was actually that of the Puritans and the Native Americans between 1675 - 1676. The war was very political in that they named it after their king implying that the Wampanoag Chief started it. This war greatly affected the economy of the Puritans as it destroyed vast amounts of property.

The Salem witch trials of 1692 started when girls that had experienced seizures accused neighbors of bewitching them. The accusations spun out of control and 175 people were accused of witchcraft. This was a huge cultural challenge for the Puritans who believed in the power of God only.

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Nathaniel Bacon and William Berkeley were rivals starting when Berkeley refused to allow Bacon to lead an attack and Bacon did anyway resulting in his immediate imprisonment. Bacon and his followers worked hard to change political systems by eliminating the wealthy class in hope that wealth would be more even.

Although New Netherlands thwarted culturally and, despite various efforts, could not encourage migration, New Netherlands flourished economically. Dutch settlers were able to monopolize the fur trade in America Through the West India Company. (New Amsterdam was the capital of New Netherlands).

William Berkeley served as Governor of Virginia from 1642 - 1652 and again in 1660. Berkeley was a huge political figure who took advantage of his position by exempting himself from tax, etc. Eventually, Berkeley dealt with (diplomatic lol) wars between Native Americans and Virginia militiamen.

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Robert de La Salle named Louisiana, a region he discovered and explored, in honor of Louis XIV. This region had a great affect on politics, as it added more territory to French control. It also boosted the economy that much more by adding more fur to the market.

After Christian prayers failed to protect the communities of the Native Americans, many refused Christianity which sparked tension, and eventually, a century of war between them and the Spanish. This huge cultural difference went on to change the political system of the area by granting Natives religious freedom.

Florida became the center location of a huge diplomatic dispute. French Protestants settled in Florida even though Spain had already claimed the land. This lead to the Spanish massacre of around 300 protestant frenchmen.

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