APUSH Chapter 15 IDs

white southerners romanticized Civil War, looked back at the old south nostalgically, Confederate heroes looked at with reverence

abolished slavery in America

agency of the army established by Congress to help blacks. Distributed food, established schools, and made efforts to settle blacks on their own land. Was a small organization, too much so to have too big of an impact

Led by Thaddeus Stevens of PA and Charles Sumner of MA, wanted Confederacy punished. Wished to disenfranchise many white southerners. Established plan for reconstruction. Passed Tenure of Office Act and Command of the Army Act. Tried to have Johnson impeached

offered amnesty to white southerners, other than high officials of the Confederacy, who would pledge loyalty to the government and accept the elimination of slavery. When 10% of the voters in the state took the oath, loyal voters could set up a state gov't. LA, AK, and TN established gov'ts under this plan

passed by radicals, authorized the president to appoint a provisional gov't for southern states. When a majority of white males pledged allegiance, the governor could summon a state constitutional convention, whose delegates would swear that they had never borne arms against the union states (Ironclad Oath). New state constitutions had to abolish slavery, disfranchise Confederate leaders, and repudiate debts accumulated by state governments during the war

offered amnesty to white southerners who would take an oath of allegiance. Otherwise similar to Wade-Davis bill

gave whites control over blacks, authorized officials to apprehend unemployed blacks, fine them for vagrancy, and hire them out to private employers to satisfy the fine, forbade blacks to own or lease farms or take jobs other than plantation workers or domestic servants. Lead to first Civil Rights bill

declared blacks to be citizens of the US and gave the federal govt power to intervene on state affairs to protect the rights of citizens

defined American citizenship. Everyone born in the US and everyone naturalized was a full citizen and entitled to all the privileges guaranteed by the Constitution

established a coherent plan for Reconstruction, vetoed by Johnson, overruled. TN admitted for ratifying 14th amendment. 0ther 10 states divided into 5 military districts. Qualified voters defined as all adult blacks males and white males who had not participated in the rebellion. Voters elected conventions to prepare new state constitutions that had to pass the 14th. By 1869, states also had to pass 15th, VA, TX, and MS

gave suffrage to all adult male citizens

Court declared military tribunals unconstitutional where civil courts were functioning, lead to Congress to try to require 2/3 of justices to support a decision overruling a law of Congress, would deny Court jurisdiction in Reconstruction cases, reduce the number of Justices to 3, and to even abolish it

forbade the president to remove civil officials, including members of his cabinet, w/o Senate approval. Mainly to protect radical Sec of War Edwin M. Stanton

Radicals tried to impeach Johnson for dismissing Stanton and violating Tenure of Office Act. Radicals wanted him out because he stood in the way of his plans. One vote short of 2/3 majority needed

Southern white republicans. Many were former whigs and wealthy, interested in economic development of the region

White northerners that saw the south as a new frontier and full of potential, often middle class

Ran under Republicans, won in 1868. Had no political experience, he and cabinet ill-equipped for their tasks, opposed by Liberal Republicans, supported Radical Reconstruction policies, won again in 1872

Credit Mobilier scandal involved key members of Congress and Grant's allies accepted stock from Credit Mobilier as a bribed. Whiskey ring scandal was a group of Grant's officials that were operating a whiskey ring and cheating the government out of taxes. In Indian Ring scandal, William Belknap, sec of war, accepted bribes to retain an Indian-post trader in office

began w/failure of investment banking firm, Jay Cooke &Co. worst panic in US history to that point. debtors wished for the gov to est greenbacks to increase the amount of money in circulation, Repubs wanted a sound currency. Treasury issued greenbacks in response to panic, but in 1875, Repub leaders passed the specie resumption act that said after jan 1, 1879, all greenbacks would be redeemed by the government &replaced by new certificates which were pegged to the price of gold. Made creditors happy, but made it more difficult for debtors

Party that arose out of a desire for paper money, not successful in gaining widespread support, kept money issue alive

William H. Seward's purchasing of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, called Seward's Folly by critics because AK was a "frozen wasteland"

terrorist organization formed in 1866 by General Nathan Bedford Forrest, was against blacks and devised rituals, costumes, and secret languages to establish bonds among members and seem intimidating. Considered proud, patriotic societies by many white southerners. Wished to restore white supremacy. Declined in 1872

AKA KKK acts, prohibited states from discriminating against voters based on race and gave the federal government the power to supersede state courts and prosecute violations of the law. Authorized the president to use military power to protect civil rights and suspend habeas corpus when violations were especially bad. Lead to the decline of the KKK.

theory that argued that individuals who failed did so because of their own weaknesses and unfitness. Lead to critique of government intervention and a decline of commitment to Reconstruction

arose b.c of disputed electoral votes b/w Hayes and Tilden, a special electoral commission of 5 senators, 5 representatives, and 5 justices decided. There would be 7 republicans, 7 democrats, &an independent. The independent leaned republican. Everyone voted by party lines &Hayes was voted president. Democrats agreed to let Hayes take power if he pulled federal troops from the S, appointed at least 1 southerner to the cabinet, southern control of federal patronage in their areas, generous internal improvements, &fed aid for the TX &Pacific RR

return of control of the south to southern democrats, ruled by a powerful, conservative oligarchy, merchants, industrialists, RR developers, and former planters. Called selves Redeemers, critics called them Bourbons

popular shows that made fun of blacks and portrayed them as incompetent and stupid

Lost Cause-esque folk tales that portrayed slave society as harmonious and good for both parties, written by Joel Chandler Harris

brining of the south up to northern like economy, Henry Grady and other prominent spokesmen advocated thrift, industry, and progress. Textile , tobacco, and iron manufacturing, RR development, and economic boost

system in which southern states leased gangs of convicted criminals to private interests as a cheap labor supply. Convicts paid nothing, money went to states, and jobs taken away from labor force

Landowners rented land to farmers who usually supplied them with farming tools and a crude house, farmers grew crops for landowners and kept a small percentage, often not enough to sell. Farmers lived in poverty as a result.

Landowners rented land to farmers who usually supplied them with farming tools and a crude house, farmers grew crops for landowners and kept a small percentage, often not enough to sell. Farmers lived in poverty as a result.

laws that restricted black rights. Poll tax and literacy tests eliminated many black votes. Grandfather clause said men who could not pass literacy test or pay poll tax could vote if their ancestors voted before the civil war, allowed all whites to vote. Segregated schools were developed, black schools often far worse than white ones

Court ruling that validated the separation of races, said it did not deprive blacks of separate institutions were equal

the widespread belief during Reconstruction that whites were above whites. Whites tried to limit blacks' freedoms to keep them below the whites.

killing of blacks by white mobs because they were accused of committing crimes or because they had angered the whites, most were done secretly by small mobs

a black journalist that launched an anti-lynching movement, led to anti lynching laws