APUSH Chapter 1

A staple also known as maize that helped feed large populations in Indian civilizations and eventually spread to the Old World during the Colombian Exchange.

An animal that was introduced by Europeans during the Colombian Exchange which benefited New World civilizations by enhancing transportation, communication and widened the scope of hunting animals in the Americas..

Illness or sickness that can affect organisms producing certain symptoms that can potentially alter a society or location. During the Colombian exchange, countless epidemics spread, wiping out massive populations, changing its demography.

Labor system developed by the Spanish that controlled and regulated the indigenous during the colonization of the Americas, shaping societal structure.

A system where the Spanish were required to pay a tax to their king for every slave they imported.

The ownership of a human being. These people are forced to work in plantations under harsh conditions or other areas that require labor and are treated poorly and ruthlessly.

First humans who migrated from Asia by crossing a land that connected Siberia to Alaska.

Semi sedentary tribes that evolved in the Mississippi and Ohio river valleys. They built elaborate organized mounds that represented animals, social divisions, and maintained long distance trade.

Hohokam: A sedentary culture that consisted of elaborate irrigation systems, permanent settlements, and confederations Anasazi: "Ancient Outsiders" that originated in the Four Corners regions. They were sedentary peoples who made elaborate arts and developed kivas which were pits serving as religious temples. They are the Pueblo Indian ancestors. Pueblo: Tribe that was located in the Southwest who lived in apartment like structures, pueblos, had extensive agriculture and derived from the Anasazi. They made many arts and had successful revolts against the Spanish.

An agricultural civilization who built mounds for religious and ceremonial purposes. They were warlike, had extensive knowledge in astronomy, and became the foundation for many other civilizations.

Sedentary dwellers who migrated to the plains and eventually evolved into a society based off of building mounds and nomadic hunters when they encountered horses and began the tradition of buffalo hunting that engraved into their culture.

Civilization made up of core city-states located in Yucatan Peninsula during the Classical period. Their complex and near accurate calendar system and sophisticated writing system were their greatest achievements.

A tribe centered in Cuzco that developed on mountainous and rugged terrain. They had a highly organized society, had extensive trade and developed terrace farming to advance agriculture, until their demise brought on by Francisco Pizarro.

Tribe who conquered Toltec regions, had a vast empire equivalent to those in Europe and had extensive knowledge in mathematics and created chinampas for farming. They were eventually overthrown by Hernan Cortes during the 16th century.

A conqueror, especially a Spanish conqueror during the 16th century who claimed lands for ones country. They have overthrown many civilizations in the New World, particularly the Aztecs and Incas.

Spanish conquistador who led an expedition, bringing down the Aztec Empire, claiming most of mainland Mexico.

Spanish conquistador who led the expedition which brought down the Inca Empire, claiming territory for Spain.

A series of laws that were developed to regulate the North American slaves and halt the encomienda system; however, this system was unsuccessful and caused a revolt in Peru.

Location of the first English settlement in the New World by Sir Walter Raleigh.

An instrument used for navigating oneself to another region. This revolutionized warfare, transportation and communication, furthering societies to new heights.

A technological innovation. The development of movable type enhanced literacy in civilizations, expanded communication and facilitated new ideas.

Catholic Monarchs of Spain who called for the Spanish Inquisition and expulsion of any non-Christians. They also authorized Christopher Columbus' expedition to the New World.

Religious movement during the 16th Century regarding the Roman Catholic Church beliefs and practices and gave way to newly established Protestant churches.

Portuguese prince who led expeditions, set up navigational schools and began European expansion.

An Italian explorer and navigator who set off on an expedition authorized by Ferdinand and Isabella to discover and explore the New World.

An agreement between Portugal and Spain where newly discovered lands to the west of the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and lands to the east would belong to Portugal.

A trade pattern which linked Europe to their colonies located in the Americas and Africa. As a result of this merciless trading system, slavery was at its peak causing many of Africa's societies to deteriorate, paralyzing the continent as a whole from further development.

Political organization where an area who has common cultures and other factors share the same government authority.

North American Indians that were located near Canada, Lake Superior and the Ottawa River. They allied with the French against the Iroquois confederation during the Beaver Wars.

North American Indians who were nomadic hunter societies and lived among the Great Plains. They are the basis for various other tribes.

An alliance group consisted of five Indian nations, the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. They maintained power along the Great Lakes Region and kept wise relationships with the English, becoming one of the most powerful native groups in North America. They were a highly successful union that was later studied by the United States Constitution (Lafarge).

A wooden dwelling built by the Iroquois that housed families. These buildings protected and provided shelter for the families which increased their survival.

An Italian captain who explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497 for England.

French explorer who was the first to claim Canada and navigate the St. Lawrence River.

"Father of New France" A French explorer who established the first French settlement, Quebec.

A Dutch explorer who sought the northwest passage and claimed New Amsterdam for the Dutch.

Spanish missionary during the 16th Century who spoke negatively of the encomienda system in Hispaniola and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan". He wrote The Destruction of the Indies that represented the wrongs of Spanish systems in the New World and was later called the "Protector of the Indians".

Concerning of the attitudes against Native Americans in the New World. This argument consisted of Bartolome de Las Casas who argued that Native Americans should be treated fairly and Juan Gines de Sepulveda who stated Native Americans were to be seen as slaves.

A Spaniard who argued against Bartolome de Las Casas by stating Native Americans were barbarians and should be viewed as slaves because of their crimes against nature and inhumane appearance.