APUSH Ch. 6 Terms

1 September 2022
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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It organized the Supreme Court, originally with five justices and a chief justice, along with several federal district and circuit courts. It also created the attorney general's office. This Act created the judiciary branch of the U.S. government.
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Compact Theory
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supported by Jefferson and Madison. This meant the thirteen states, had entered into a contract about its jurisdiction, that the individual states were the final judges of the national government's actions. The theory was the basis for the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions passed in 1798. It was used to try to stop the Federalist abuses like the Alien and Sedition Acts.
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Jay Treaty 1794
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Britain said they would evacuate the Northwest. The British would not promise to leave American ships alone and decided Americans still owed British merchants for pre-Revolutionary war debts.
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Pinckney Treaty 1795
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Spain agrees to free navigation of the Mississippi and a large area of north Florida. Jay Treaty helped prompt the Spanish to deal with the port of New Orleans.
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Convention of 1800
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Ended an alliance with France, but ended Quasi-War by dismissing damages on both sides. Napoleon was eager to sign this treaty so he could focus his attention on conquering Europe and perhaps create a New World empire in Louisiana.
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Neutrality Proclamation
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1793, issued by George Washington, established isolationist policy, proclaimed government's official neutrality in widening European conflicts.
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Alien and Sedition Acts 1798
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Alien Act-gave the President the power in peacetime to order any alien out of the country and to jail aliens when he wanted to.-No arrests made under the Alien Act or the Alien Enemies Act. The Sedition Act's purpose was to silence Republican opposition to Adam's administration. Many people were fined and jailed under the Sedition Act. Jefferson and Madison believed the acts were violations of the First Amendment. Expired March 1801.
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Farewell Address
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was a document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; He also spoke against partisan(political parties) bitterness.
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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Jefferson and James Madison- These resolutions were made to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts. These resolutions also brought about compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.
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Judicial Review
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John Marshall of the Supreme Court, proposed judicial review, which gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is or is not constitutional. Judicial review was accepted as a result of the famous case of Marbury vs. Madison, and John Marshall succeeded in giving increased power to the Supreme Court.
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Economic Coercion
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Jefferson came up with the Embargo Act which cut off all trade with all countries. Jefferson hoped this would force the English to come to his terms and stop stealing American sailors. This, however, did not work and greatly hurt American trade.
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Midnight Judges
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a nick name given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms. The Judiciary Act of 1801 created the new judgeships Adams filled.
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Orders in Council
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was a law England in 1793. The British closed off all ports that France used preventing them from supplies. American ships were seized also and Americans were impressed into the British navy. This lead to the War of 1812.
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The Chesapeake Incident
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June 22, 1807. The Chesapeake, a US frigate, was fired upon and boarded by a British ship, the Leopard. This is the most famous example of impressments, in which the British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. Impressments was one of the major factors leading to the War of 1812.
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Non-Intercourse Act
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reopened trade with all nations except England and France on March 1, 1809. A replacement of the Embargo Act, an attempt to make England and France stop harassing the American ships and recognize the neutrality of America.
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Treaty of Ghent
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It was an agreement signed by the Americans and the British that agreed to stop fighting which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, Americans assumed the "victory" for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more concerned with European affairs.
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Hartford Convention
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proposed amendments to the US Constitution to limit Republican power by a group form New England. 1) Prohibiting trade embargos 2) Requiring a two-thirds Congressional majority for declaration of war, admission of a new state, or interdiction of foreign commerce; 3) Removing the three-fifths compromise; 4) Limiting future Presidents to one term; 5) Requiring each President to be from a different state than his predecessor. (This provision was aimed directly at the ruling Virginia Dynasty.)
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Haitian Revolution
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Toussaint L' Overture led a group of angry ex-slaves against French troops in Santo Domingo, Haiti. The inability of the French to regain possession of the island caused Napoleon to cede the Louisiana territory to the United States for 15 million dollars.