Apush Brick Ch 19 Key Terms

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution, preached about economically diversified South with industries and small farms, and absent of the influence of the pre-war planter elite in the political world.

The term has been used with different applications in mind. The original use of the term "New South" was an attempt to describe the rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy

the man who cornered the cigarette industry through the American Tobacco Company. Later Trinity College in North Carolina changed its name to honor him

Southern politicians who were collectively known as Redeemers by their supporters, because they supposedly saved the South from Yankee domination after the Civil War and a purely rural economy, or Bourbons by their opponents, who believed they were reactionaries rather than progressives.

southern states avoided expenses and generated revenues after the war by "renting" convicts, most of whom were black, as cheap labor to the railroads, mines, and lumber and turpentine camps

many whites resented signs of black success and social influence, causing this violent attitude that swept across the South and much of the nation

a tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

1890 - In order to vote in Mississippi, citizens had to display the receipt which proved they had paid the poll tax and pass a literacy test by reading and interpreting a selection from the Constitution. Prevented blacks, who were generally poor and uneducated, from voting.

loophole stating that people were only able to vote if they could properly interpret a portion of the state constitution

Said that a citizen could vote only if his grandfather had been able to vote. At the time, the grandfathers of black men in the South had been slaves with no right to vote. Another method for disenfranchising blacks.

System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.

Principle upheld in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public facilities was legal.

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

the lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. in her newspaper, free speech, wells urged african americans to protest the lynchings. she called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. she spoke out despite threats to her life.

United States educator who was born a slave but became educated and founded a college at Tuskegee in Alabama (1856-1915)

First African-American to receive a doctorate. America's foremost black intellectual at the turn of the twentieth century, and an outspoken leader of the black cause. He disagreed with Booker T. Washington's accommodationist posture and called upon blacks to insist on equal rights. He was a founder of the NAACP and editor of its journal, "The Crisis."

argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement.

Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. Vast domain became accessible to Americans wishing to settle there. This region was called the "Great American Desert" in atlases published between 1820 and 1850, and many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. The phrase had been coined by Major Long during his exploration of the middle portion of the Louisiana Purchase region.

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

People who rushed to California in 1849 to search for gold.

the use of powerful jets of water to break apart earth and find gold. Very damaging to the environment.

court case where hydraulic mining was vetoed.

established in 1867 by Congress, it composed of both soldiers and civilians, to recommend a new and presumably permanent Indian policy. The commission recommended that the government move all the Plains tribes into two large reservations, one in Oklahoma, and the other in the Dakotas

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn (1839-1876)

Sioux leader sitting bull led the fight against general George Custer and the 7th cavalry. The Sioux wanted miners out of the black hills, and had appealed to government officials in Washington to stop the miners. Washington doesn't listen. When custer came to little bighorn rivers sitting bull and his warriors were ready and killed them all!

Leader of Nez Perce. Fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations. However, US troops came and fought and brought them back down to reservations

Apache leader who fought U.S. soldiers to keep his land. He led a revolt of 4,000 of his people after they were forced to move to a reservation in Arizona.

The Wounded Knee Massacre, also known as The Battle at Wounded Knee Creek, was the last major armed conflict between the Lakota Sioux and the United States, subsequently described as a "massacre" by General Nelson A. Miles in a letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs.

founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car which allowed his company to ship dressed meats to all parts of the country and even abroad, which ushered in the "era of cheap beef

Violent conflict in Texas, 1883-84, between large and small cattle ranchers over access to grazing land.

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Authorized the government to collect money from the sale of public land in the west to fund irrigation projects. It gave western lands better soil and insured that all natural resources would be managed by experts.

In the absence of laws governing the open range, the cattle ranchers at first worked out a code of action largely dictated by circumstances.

historian, he provided the clearest and most influential statement of the vision of the frontier in a memorable paper which he delivered to a meeting of the American Historical Association in Chicago in 1893 entitled "the Significance of the Frontier in American History," His claims included that the experience of expansion into the frontier had stimulated individualism, nationalism and democracy, and kept the opportunity of advancement alive.